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Direct entry

Australian Tertiary Admission Rank, awarded with a state senior secondary certificate

Also seen as: Higher School Certificate (NSW) · Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) · Queensland Certificate of Education (QCE) · South Australian Certificate of Education (SACE) · Western Australian Certificate of Education (WACE) · Diploma and Advanced Diploma

A state senior secondary certificate together with an ATAR is accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree. Offers are made on the overall ATAR, with a comparable level of performance expected in any subject the course specifically requires.

English language

Applicants educated in Australia are normally exempt from a separate English test, as Australia is treated as a majority English-speaking country and Australian schooling is English-medium. Individual departments can still set a specific requirement, so the course page is worth checking.

Worth knowing

Queensland no longer uses a separate scale. The Overall Position (OP) was replaced by the ATAR for Year 12 school leavers from 2020, so any grade map that still carries a separate Queensland OP column is out of date for current applicants; OPs remain valid indefinitely for people who were awarded one before that change, which is why some UK university pages still list them alongside ATAR. Sources disagree slightly on the ATAR thresholds — Manchester publishes 97 for AAA down to 81 for CCC, Surrey 96 down to 84 — so the higher figure in each band is the safer assumption. At the most selective end the bar is considerably higher: Cambridge asks for an ATAR of about 98.5 to 99.5. Diplomas and Advanced Diplomas from recognised Australian institutions are considered separately and can sometimes give advanced standing.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey
• Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority
• University of Cambridge

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Austrian school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Reife- und Diplomprüfungszeugnis (BHS) · Berufsreifeprüfung · International Baccalaureate taken in Austria

The Matura is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the grades in four subjects on the 1 to 5 scale rather than an overall average. Any subject the course requires must be one of the four, and the overall distinction band (mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg or mit gutem Erfolg) is often quoted alongside.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but Matura English at grade 2 (gut) is widely accepted in its place provided both the written and oral papers were taken.

Worth knowing

Glasgow and Southampton give the same four-subject ladder, so this is one of the better-corroborated conversions in the set. Southampton adds the distinction band as a parallel condition (mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg for the A*AA and AAA bands, mit gutem Erfolg below that). A Matura from a BHS (Reife- und Diplomprüfungszeugnis) is generally treated as equivalent to one from an AHS.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Also seen as: Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) · Associate Degree · Cambridge International A Level

CAPE is accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree in place of A levels, normally as three two-unit subjects or six units including two double-unit courses. Mathematics and English are commonly required among them. CSEC is treated as equivalent to GCSE.

English language

Barbados is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold Barbadian nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. CSEC English A at grade I to III is commonly accepted as the English requirement.

Worth knowing

Offers are typically grades I, I, I in three two-unit subjects for the most competitive courses, easing to I, I, II or I, II, II further down. Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies are excluded by some universities. CAPE carries no UCAS Tariff points; the Tariff covers only UK-regulated qualifications. A completed Associate Degree, including one from the University of the West Indies, with good grades is an alternative route into the first year. One university publishes a more generous per-unit conversion than the table above, which follows the more conservative and more widely published reading.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Bristol
• University of Edinburgh

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Belgian certificate of upper secondary education

Also seen as: Abschlusszeugnis der Oberstufe des Sekundarunterrichts (German-speaking Community) · European Baccalaureate

The Belgian upper secondary certificate is accepted for direct first-year entry from all three language communities, with offers set as a percentage of the final year. Where a course names a subject, an equivalent percentage in that subject is normally required as well.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, though some UK universities accept 80% in the certificate's English component or an overall result of grande distinction in place of a test.

Worth knowing

The two sources agree closely; the only divergence is at AAB, where Glasgow accepts 75% and Southampton requires 80%. The more conservative 80% is used. Belgian schools report on a percentage, a ten-point and a twenty-point scale depending on the community and the school, so applicants should send the transcript rather than a self-converted figure.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Nottingham

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Also seen as: Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) · Associate Degree · Cambridge International A Level

CAPE is accepted in place of A levels for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and an offer is normally expressed as three two-unit subjects, or six units including at least two double-unit courses. CSEC on its own is treated as GCSE level and is not enough, so a student who leaves after CSEC needs a foundation year, CAPE or an associate degree. A completed two-year associate degree is widely accepted as an alternative into year one.

How to avoid the foundation year

If you have CAPE you do not need a foundation year at all. If you do not, a completed two-year associate degree is the cleanest alternative: one university accepts it at 65 per cent overall, another at C plus, a grade point average of 2.5 or 75 per cent. A three-year bachelor degree at the same standard is accepted for direct entry to the third year at one university. A levels or the IB also give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

CSEC at grade 3 or better at general proficiency, or GCE Ordinary Level grade 6, is the published foundation entry standard at one university. Applicants declaring CSEC without CAPE are required by at least one Russell Group business school to take an international foundation year, the IB or A levels.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

Belize is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so Belizean nationals are not usually asked for IELTS at all. Where a university asks for evidence anyway, CSEC English A at grade 1 to 3 in the general proficiency scheme is normally accepted.

Worth knowing

Sources agree on the principle that CAPE is A level equivalent, but not on the grades. The full ladder in the table comes from one Russell Group university and is the most detailed conversion published for Belize; a second Russell Group business school gives only the top two rungs, I,I,I for an AAA course and I,I,II for AAB, which matches. At the other end of the sector one university sets three grade IIIs across six units as its general minimum, another accepts CAPE at grade 3 or above, and a third asks for three double units at grade III, so the practical floor is far lower than the table's top rows suggest. Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies are excluded from the counted subjects by some universities. CAPE carries no UCAS Tariff points, because the Tariff covers only UK-regulated qualifications; a Tariff figure quoted for CAPE is a university's own internal conversion.

Checked against

• University of York
• University of Leeds, Leeds University Business School
• Ulster University
• University of Chester
• University of Suffolk
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Brunei-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level

Also seen as: Brunei-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Brunei-Cambridge A level is treated in exactly the same way as the UK A level and is accepted for direct entry to the first year, with three A levels meeting the standard entry requirement. Brunei-Cambridge O levels are likewise treated as equivalent to UK GCSEs where a course sets GCSE requirements.

English language

Brunei-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level English at grade C is normally accepted in place of IELTS. Where a test is required the usual level is IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall.

Worth knowing

Because the qualification is a Cambridge award, no conversion scale is needed and no separate equivalence table is published; offers are quoted in ordinary A level grades. Some courses ask for a higher O level English grade than C, so applicants should check the individual course page rather than assume the general rule. An international foundation year remains available for applicants who do not meet the A level requirement.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• University of Sheffield

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Diploma of completed secondary education

Also seen as: State matriculation examinations (Държавни зрелостни изпити)

The Diploma za Sredno Obrazovanie is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the overall mark out of 6. Universities normally expect two state matriculation examinations alongside the diploma, and a third where a course names a specific subject.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, though a strong result in the English state matriculation examination (around 5.0 out of 6) is accepted in place of a test at some UK universities.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree substantially on where the floor sits. Glasgow's scale, used above, puts BBB at 5.0. Southampton describes a working range of 5.2 to 5.8 overall depending on the course. Kent sets its standard undergraduate entry at 4.6 and treats 5.7 as an A and 5.3 as a B at subject level, which is materially more accessible. The conservative Glasgow scale is shown, but a diploma in the low fives will be competitive at a wide range of UK universities.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Kent
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Provincial High School Graduation Diploma

Also seen as: Ontario Secondary School Diploma (OSSD) · British Columbia Certificate of Graduation (Dogwood) · Alberta High School Diploma · Diplome d'etudes collegiales (DEC), Quebec · Advanced Placement (AP) · International Baccalaureate Diploma

A provincial high school graduation diploma is accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree, judged on the average across the final year's academic courses. The number of courses counted depends on the province: Ontario is normally assessed on six Grade 12 U or M courses, while most other provinces are assessed on five Grade 12 subjects. Any subject the course requires must appear at Grade 12 at the same standard.

English language

Canada is not on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, but universities almost always accept Grade 12 English at about B or 75 per cent in place of a language test. Applicants educated in French in Quebec are more likely to be asked for IELTS at around 6.0-6.5 overall.

Worth knowing

The province matters and the figures published by UK universities differ sharply, so this is one to check course by course. The table above follows the more demanding published scale, where 87 per cent equates to A*AA and 85 per cent to AAA. One large university publishes a much more generous Ontario scale on which 80 per cent in six courses is treated as A*AA and 50 per cent as CCC; at the other extreme a highly selective university asks for 96 per cent in five academic Grade 12 subjects for A*A*A and 93 per cent for A*AA. Assume the higher figures when planning. Alberta and British Columbia are sometimes described in letter grades rather than percentages, for example five Bs at Grade 12 in British Columbia as a general minimum. Quebec's DEC is a two-year post-secondary qualification and is normally read as at least equivalent to a Grade 12 diploma, sometimes attracting advanced standing. Ontario applicants for quantitative degrees are commonly asked for named Grade 12 courses such as Advanced Functions and Calculus and Vectors rather than a general mathematics credit. Canadian applicants who have taken APs or the IB Diploma alongside the provincial diploma are usually assessed on those instead.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Surrey
• University of Manchester
• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University College London
• University of Liverpool (UKVI list)

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Croatian State Matura certificate

Also seen as: Drzavna Matura · Svjedodzba o Maturi

The Croatian State Matura is accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK bachelor degree and is treated as comparable to A levels. What matters is the level at which each subject was taken: a subject a course names has to have been sat at higher, or A, level, and higher-level results are what the top offers are built on. Selective universities will typically want an overall 5, while a good many will take 4 or lower.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. State Matura English at higher level is accepted in place of a test by some UK universities but not all, so check before deciding not to sit one.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree materially and the gap is more than a grade. At the strict end, one London university requires 5 out of 5 overall for A*A*A, A*AA and AAA alike, and one ancient Scottish university sets an overall average of 4.5 as its arts and humanities minimum with a typical offer of 5 including 5 in all required subjects; a Russell Group business school reads AAA as an overall 5 with 5 in three higher level subjects including mathematics, and AAB as 4.5 with 5 in two and 4 in one. At the generous end, one university converts a 4 to AAA and 3.4 to CCC, another accepts 3,3,3,3 from four subjects for year one, and a third accepts 3.5 overall. The table above is therefore a range rather than a single sector standard, and a student sitting between 3.5 and 4.5 should look hard at which universities publish the more generous reading. For Medicine and Veterinary Medicine one university asks for 555 in chemistry and one other science, which is a much higher bar than the general table suggests. A foundation year is not the route from Croatia, but for completeness one university sets a minimum of about 3.2 overall for its foundation programmes and a pathway consortium asks for an average of 2.5, or 50 per cent, across all subjects.

Checked against

• University of Edinburgh
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Leeds, Leeds University Business School
• University of Surrey
• Cardiff Metropolitan University
• Coventry University
• University of Warwick
• NCUK

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Czech school leaving examination certificate

Also seen as: International Baccalaureate taken in Czechia

The Maturita is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the grades in four different examination subjects on the 1 to 5 scale. Any subject a course specifies must be one of those four, so applicants aiming at a science or engineering degree need to have taken the relevant profile examination rather than relying on school reports.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Czech school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test, so applicants should plan on sitting one.

Worth knowing

The two sources sit one step apart from AAA downwards: Southampton accepts grade 1 in three subjects plus grade 2 in a fourth for AAA, where Glasgow wants grade 1 in all four. The more conservative Glasgow line is used. Southampton also extends the ladder down to CCC at grade 3 in all four subjects.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Danish upper secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Højere Forberedelseseksamen (HF) · Højere Handelseksamen (HHX) · Højere Teknisk Eksamen (HTX)

The Studentereksamen is accepted for direct first-year entry, and the HF, HHX and HTX certificates are treated the same way. Offers are set against grades in four Level A subjects on the 12-point scale, and any subject a course names normally has to have been taken at Level A rather than B or C.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but a grade of 7 in Studentereksamen English A or English B is widely accepted in its place.

Worth knowing

Glasgow gives the four-subject ladder above. Kent expresses the same standard at subject level, treating 10 as an A and 7 as a B or C, with an overall minimum of 7 for standard entry, which is consistent. Southampton's Denmark page gives no A level ladder at all and only quotes an A level range. Note that the Level A, B and C distinction is doing the real work here: a high grade in a Level C subject will not satisfy a subject requirement.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Kent
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Estonian secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Riigieksamitunnistus (state examination certificate)

The Gümnaasiumi lõputunnistus is accepted for direct first-year entry when presented with three state examination results. Offers are set against the school average out of 5 alongside the average percentage across the state examinations, and any subject a course names is normally expected to be one of them.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Estonian school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test, although the state English examination is a recognised international test in its own right at some institutions.

Worth knowing

Southampton is the more demanding of the two sources on the state examination side, requiring a 90% average for A*AA and 85% for AAA against Glasgow's flat 80% for both, and its figures are used here. Glasgow is marginally tougher on the school average at the top band. Southampton also extends the ladder down to CCC at a school average of 4.0 with a 60% examination average.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Finnish matriculation examination certificate

Also seen as: Lukion päättötodistus (upper secondary school leaving certificate) · International Baccalaureate taken in Finland

The matriculation examination is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the grades in four examination subjects. L (laudatur) sits at roughly the level of an A*, E (eximia cum laude approbatur) at an A and M (magna cum laude approbatur) at a B. Any subject a course names has to be one of the examination subjects, and for quantitative degrees the long syllabus in mathematics is normally expected rather than the short one.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Finnish matriculation English at a high grade is accepted in place of a test at some UK universities but this is not a general concession.

Worth knowing

Glasgow and Southampton give the same grade ladder one step apart in places: Southampton puts AAA at four subjects at E, where Glasgow requires one of them at L. The more conservative Glasgow reading is used. The lower Finnish grades (C, B and A) do not appear in either conversion, which suggests they are not treated as A level equivalent on their own.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

French Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat Technologique · Option Internationale du Baccalauréat (OIB / BFI) · Baccalauréat Européen

The Baccalauréat Général is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the overall average out of 20 and against marks in the chosen spécialités. Where a course names a subject, that subject normally has to be one of the spécialités carried into the final year rather than dropped after the première.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but many UK universities waive it for French applicants who scored around 14 in Baccalauréat English, and a lower mark is accepted from the Option Internationale (OIB) English stream.

Worth knowing

Sources are close but not identical: Glasgow's thresholds sit about a point above Southampton's at the lower bands (Southampton puts ABB at 13 and BBB at 12 overall, against 14 for both at Glasgow). The more conservative Glasgow figures are used above. The 2021 reform replaced the séries (S, ES, L) with spécialités, so older conversion charts keyed to série S are obsolete and any UK requirement for maths or a science now points at the corresponding spécialité.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Nottingham
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

German school leaving certificate / Abitur

Also seen as: Fachgebundene Hochschulreife · European Baccalaureate · International Baccalaureate taken in Germany

The Abitur is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers pegged to the overall Durchschnittsnote and, where a course names a subject, to the individual mark in that subject on the 15-point scale. A Leistungskurs mark of 13 to 14 out of 15 is broadly what UK universities treat as an A at A level.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Abitur English is widely accepted in its place, typically at 12 out of 15 if taken as a Leistungskurs or 13 out of 15 as a Grundkurs.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree by roughly half a grade point and this is the largest spread of any country in this set. Glasgow places AAA at 1.6 and BBB at 1.9; Southampton places the same bands at 1.8 and 2.3; Kent gives a single standard entry threshold of 2.4 or lower for its ordinary undergraduate stage. The conservative Glasgow line is given above, but a mid-2 Abitur is genuinely competitive at a large number of UK universities, so applicants should not read the table as a hard floor. Note also that Abitur averages are not comparable between Bundesländer, and some UK admissions teams will look at the individual Leistungskurs marks rather than the average.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Kent
• University of Nottingham

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Greenlandic upper secondary leaving examination (GUX)

Also seen as: Bevis for Studentereksamen (STX), taken by Greenlandic students who complete upper secondary school in Denmark · Højere Forberedelseseksamen (HF) · Højere Handelseksamen (HHX) · Højere Teknisk Eksamen (HTX)

Greenland sits inside the Danish education system, and this is the key to the whole answer. No UK university publishes anything for Greenland itself, so the position that applies to you is the Danish one, because the GUX is a gymnasium qualification built on the Danish curriculum and your GGS letter grades convert onto the Danish 7-point scale of -3, 00, 02, 4, 7, 10 and 12. The Danish position is good: the Studentereksamen and its siblings are accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree right across the sector, with no foundation year needed. Expect to be asked for an overall average of about 10, and expect to have to explain your GGS letters to an admissions officer who has not seen them before.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not needed. A gymnasium qualification at Danish standard is enough on its own. Southampton asks for an overall grade of 10 out of 12 with subject grades typically between 7 and 10; Glasgow asks for an average of 10 with 10, 10, 10 and 7 in four A-level subjects for AAA, rising to an average of 12 for A*AA; Greenwich accepts a minimum grade of 4 on the 7-point scale; St Andrews asks for an average of 10 with 10 in at least four A-level subjects. A foundation year only comes into it if you fall well short, in which case Bournemouth offers a Foundation Certificate to applicants who have completed twelve years of schooling in the Danish system with IELTS 5.0.

Getting onto a foundation year

Only relevant to applicants who fall short of the direct thresholds. Bournemouth publishes the clearest route: twelve years of schooling in the Danish system plus IELTS Academic 5.0 for its Foundation Certificate. Surrey directs applicants below its direct thresholds to a foundation year through its pathway provider without publishing a Danish grade.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need to build their English first. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. English within the gymnasium qualification can replace it at some universities: Bournemouth exempts applicants who scored 7 in English within the Studentereksamen, Surrey asks for grade 7 in English as a minimum, and Greenwich exempts a grade of 9 or better in English from the STX or HF final examinations, although that figure is quoted on the pre-2007 13-point scale and is worth querying. Greenland is not on the UK Government's list of majority English speaking countries, so a secure English language test is normally required for the visa.

Worth knowing

This is the honest headline: UK universities publish nothing for Greenland. LSE and Warwick both maintain a Greenland country page and neither states a single qualification or grade on it; LSE tells applicants with unlisted qualifications to contact its admissions team, and Warwick gives a phone number. Westminster's overseas equivalency chart has no Greenland row. UCL's foundation country list has no Greenland row. So everything above is the Danish position, taken from Danish country pages at Surrey, Southampton, Glasgow, Greenwich, St Andrews and Bournemouth, and applied to a GUX transcript on the basis that GGS letter grades convert to the Danish 7-point scale. Within the Danish sources there is real disagreement about how high the bar is. Surrey converts A*AA and AAA to a grade of 12 and BBB down to BCC to a 7; Southampton wants 10 out of 12 overall; Glasgow separates the two ends, asking for an average of 10 for AAA but an average of 12 for A*AA; Greenwich accepts a bare 4 on the 7-point scale. The honest range for year one is therefore 4 at the most accessible end to 12 at the most selective, with 10 the answer to plan around. The table above is Surrey's, from one university's page. Two practical warnings. Some UK pages are still written for the 13-point scale that Denmark abolished in 2007, so a figure like 9 or 11 is a stale page rather than a Greenlandic scale. And no UK page names the GUX or the GGS letters at all, so send a copy of the official GGS to Danish 7-point conversion with your application and expect to answer questions about it.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• University of Southampton
• University of Glasgow
• University of Greenwich
• University of St Andrews
• Bournemouth University
• London School of Economics and Political Science
• University of Warwick
• University of Westminster
• UCL Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate
• UK Government (gov.uk), Student visa: knowledge of English
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Also seen as: Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) · Associate Degree or Diploma from the University of Guyana · Technician Diploma

CAPE is accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree in place of A levels, usually as three two-unit subjects or six units including two double-unit courses. CSEC sits at GCSE level and covers subject minimums such as English and mathematics. An Associate Degree or a Diploma from the University of Guyana with strong grades is an alternative route into year one.

English language

Guyana is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold Guyanese nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. CSEC English A at grade I to III is commonly accepted as the English requirement.

Worth knowing

The CAPE offers published for Guyana follow the same shape as elsewhere in the Caribbean: grade I in three two-unit subjects for an A*AA or AAA course, grade I in two plus grade II in a third for AAB, and grade I in one plus grade II in two others for ABB, with Caribbean Studies excluded from the count. Which CAPE subjects count can matter more here than in other Caribbean countries: one university distinguishes between a group of subjects that supports direct entry and a further group that may still lead to a foundation or bridging programme, so the subject combination should be checked against the specific course. CAPE carries no UCAS Tariff points.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bristol
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Liverpool (UKVI list)

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Associate Degree · Higher Diploma · GCE A level taken in Hong Kong

The HKDSE is accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree, with levels 3 to 5** treated as broadly comparable to A level grades E to A*. Offers are normally expressed as three elective subjects, and Citizenship and Social Development (which replaced Liberal Studies) is usually excluded from the count.

English language

HKDSE English Language at level 4 overall, with at least level 3 in each of the four papers, is widely accepted in place of IELTS, though some universities treat this case by case. Where a test is required the usual level is IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall.

Worth knowing

The 5**/5*/5/4/3 to A*/A/B/C/D mapping is a published comparability statement rather than a formal UCAS Tariff allocation: when the current Tariff was introduced, HKDSE points were listed as to be confirmed pending agreement on qualification size, and the qualification does not appear in the standard Tariff tables. Applicants should also note that real offers are often well below the notional ceiling — Kent and Sussex both publish a general minimum of 4,3,3 in three subjects — so the comparability table describes the top of the scale, not the typical offer. Associate Degrees and Higher Diplomas at around GPA 2.8 are considered as an alternative route and can sometimes give advanced standing.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Kent
• University of Sussex
• UCAS

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Hungarian certificate of maturity

Also seen as: International Baccalaureate taken in Hungary

The Érettségi is accepted for direct first-year entry provided at least two subjects were taken at advanced (emelt szint) level. Any subject the course requires normally has to be one of the advanced-level papers, and the intermediate-level grades are used to set the overall standard.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Advanced-level Érettségi English is accepted in place of a test by some UK universities, but it is not a general concession.

Worth knowing

The sources describe the same qualification through different lenses. Kent gives the subject-grade ladder reproduced above. Glasgow works from an average mark of 4.6 to 5 across five subjects and then adds percentage floors on the advanced-level papers, in the range of 50% to 75%. Southampton is looser again, asking for all subjects at grade 3 or above with four at grades 4 or 5 and at least one advanced-level subject. The Kent ladder is the most conservative of the three and is the one shown.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Matriculation Certificate

Also seen as: Stúdentspróf af bóknámsbraut (academic route) · Framhaldsskólapróf · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Good news: the Stúdentspróf is accepted across the UK sector for entry straight into year one of a bachelor's degree, no foundation year needed. What varies is the overall average asked for, from about 6.0 at the least selective universities to 7.0 or 7.5 at most, and higher still for medicine and veterinary medicine. Because the Stúdentspróf is a longer, broader programme than A levels, universities will look at your grades in the specific subjects your degree needs as well as the average.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not usually relevant. The Stúdentspróf gets you into year one at every university checked, with Derby setting the lowest published bar at 6 out of 10 and Ravensbourne at 6.6. A foundation year is only for applicants below that, or for those who did not complete the academic route. Kent's integrated foundation year takes 6.60 and Ravensbourne's takes 6.2.

Getting onto a foundation year

If you do need one, Kent asks a minimum of 6.60 in the Stúdentspróf for its integrated foundation year, and Ravensbourne asks 6.2 for the Matriculation Certificate. English for a foundation year is normally IELTS 5.5 overall.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Only relevant to a small number of applicants. Three terms, roughly nine months, is the standard shape, and tuition runs from about £14,800 at a pathway college to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Most Icelandic applicants will not need this and should apply straight to year one.

English language

Leeds accepts a grade of 6 or above in Stúdentspróf English in place of IELTS, which is the most useful single fact here. Otherwise the usual requirement is IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall. Iceland is not on the UKVI list of majority English speaking countries, so confirm in writing that your university will take the school grade before you decide against sitting a test.

Worth knowing

Sources agree that this is a direct-entry qualification but differ on the overall average. Derby publishes 6 out of 10, Ravensbourne 6.6, Kent 7.00, Edinburgh 7 overall with 8 or 9 in the required subjects, Leeds 7 to 7.5 overall with subject grades of 7,7,7 up to 9,8,8, and Strathclyde 7.25. Edinburgh asks 8.5 overall for medicine and veterinary medicine with 9 in chemistry. So the honest range for a typical degree is 6.0 to 7.5. The grade table given here is Kent's alone, the only per-grade A level conversion found, and Kent also notes that 5.00 in the Stúdentspróf covers a GCSE grade C or 4 in mathematics where a course requires it. Treat the table as one university's view, not the sector's.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Leeds
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Strathclyde
• Ravensbourne University London
• University of Derby
• University of Liverpool (UKVI majority English speaking list)

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Irish Leaving Certificate

Also seen as: Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme (LCVP) · GCE A levels taken in Ireland

The Leaving Certificate is accepted for direct first-year entry across the UK, and offers are made in H grades over the best six Higher level subjects. Any subject the course specifies must normally be taken at Higher level, with H3 or better treated as the working equivalent of a C at A level.

English language

Ireland is treated as an English-speaking country and applicants are not usually asked for IELTS. Where evidence is required, Leaving Certificate English at H4 or O4 is commonly accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

The most important thing to know is that the UCAS Tariff is out of step with the qualification. Ireland replaced the A1/A2/B1 lettering with H1-H8 in 2017, but the UCAS Tariff tables still list the Leaving Certificate on the old scale (Higher level A1 36 points, A2 30, B1 30, B2 24, B3 24, C1 18, C2 18, C3 12, D1 12, D2 9, D3 9), and UK universities republish that old table verbatim. Anyone converting a modern H-grade transcript through the published Tariff table is working from labels that no longer exist on Irish certificates. In practice this matters less than it sounds, because the Leaving Certificate is the only international qualification UCAS includes in the Tariff at all, and almost all UK offers to Irish applicants are expressed directly in H grades rather than points. Sources also disagree materially on how demanding the H-grade equivalence is: Glasgow and Surrey both put AAA at H2, H2, H2, H2, H2, H2, Southampton at H1, H1, H2, H2, H2, H2, and Bristol counts only five subjects and puts AAA at H1, H1, H1, H2, H2. The more conservative six-subject profile is given above; applicants at the margin should assume the harder reading.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Surrey
• University of Southampton
• University of Bristol
• UCAS (Tariff tables)
• UCAS
• Edge Hill University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Bagrut Matriculation Certificate

Also seen as: Mechina preparatory programme · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Bagrut is accepted for direct entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree, assessed on the overall average combined with the number of subjects taken at the highest 5-unit level. Three subjects at 5 units is the usual expectation, and required subjects normally have to be among them.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Bagrut English unit is not routinely accepted in place of IELTS, although a strong result in 5-unit English is accepted by some universities, so it is worth asking.

Worth knowing

The Bagrut is examined in study units, and the unit level matters as much as the average: an applicant with a high average but few 5-unit subjects will usually not meet a competitive offer. Sources disagree slightly at the top of the scale, with one mapping a 90 per cent average to A*A*A and another treating 90 per cent as equivalent to A*AA, so applicants targeting the most competitive courses should assume the stricter reading. Requirements for prerequisite subjects are typically 90 per cent or above at 5 units where an A level A or A* is asked for, and around 85 per cent at 5 units for a B. Medicine and dentistry are commonly excluded from direct Bagrut entry.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Bristol

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Italian upper secondary school leaving diploma

Also seen as: Esame di Maturità (pre-1999 awards) · International Baccalaureate taken in Italy

The Diploma di Esame di Stato taken at a liceo is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the final mark out of 100. Where a course names a subject, universities normally look at the final-year marks in that subject as well as the overall total, so applicants are often asked to supply the pagella for the last two years.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Some UK universities accept 80% in English as a second language within the Diploma in place of a test.

Worth knowing

The two sources differ across the middle of the scale: Southampton sets AAA at 92, AAB at 88 and ABB at 84, while Glasgow uses a rounder 90, 85 and 80. The more conservative Southampton figures are used above. A diploma from a technical or vocational istituto rather than a liceo is treated less generously by some universities, and the 100/100 e lode result carries no extra formal weight in UK conversion.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Nottingham

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Also seen as: Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) · Associate Degree · Cambridge International A Level

CAPE is accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree in place of A levels. The standard shape of an offer is three two-unit subjects, or six units including at least two double-unit courses, with the grades set against the A level grades the course would otherwise ask for. CSEC is treated as equivalent to GCSE and is used for subject minimums such as English and mathematics.

English language

Jamaica is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold Jamaican nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. CSEC English A at grade I to III in the General Proficiency scheme is commonly accepted as the English requirement.

Worth knowing

Typical published offers run from grades I, I, I in three two-unit subjects for an AAA course down to I, I, II or I, II, II for slightly lower offers; one university sets three grade IIIs or better across six units as its general minimum. Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies are excluded from the counted subjects by some universities. Sources broadly agree on the ladder in the table, but one publishes a more generous per-unit reading in which an A level A is met by grade II in both units of a two-unit course and a C by grade III in both, so the table above is the more conservative of the two. CAPE carries no UCAS Tariff points, because the Tariff covers only qualifications regulated in the UK; where a university quotes a Tariff figure for CAPE it is applying its own internal conversion rather than the published Tariff. CAPE is not accepted for Medicine or Dentistry at some universities. A completed Associate Degree with good grades is an alternative route into the first year.

Checked against

• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Leeds
• University of Bristol
• University of Kent
• UCAS

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Certificate of general secondary education

Also seen as: Centralised state examinations (centralizētie eksāmeni)

The Atestāts is accepted for direct first-year entry when presented with three centralised state examination results. Offers are set against the school average out of 10 together with the percentage results in the state examinations, and any subject a course names must be covered by one of those examinations. School-marked examinations are not accepted in their place.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Latvian school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Southampton is slightly more lenient than Glasgow through the middle of the scale, setting AAA at a school average of 8.5 with a mixed 80/80/75 examination profile against Glasgow's flat 9.0 and 85%. The more conservative Glasgow figures are used. Both stress that the examinations must be externally marked, and Latvia's letter-graded centralised examination results (A to F) map onto the percentage bands rather than replacing them.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Lithuanian certificate of maturity

Also seen as: Valstybiniai brandos egzaminai (State Matura examinations)

The Brandos Atestatas is accepted for direct first-year entry when it is presented with three State Matura examination results. Offers are set against both the school subject average out of 10 and the percentages in the state examinations, and any subject a course names must be one of the three state examinations. School-marked examinations are not accepted in place of externally marked state examinations.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Lithuanian school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

The two sources differ by roughly half a grade on the school average and five percentage points on the examinations: Southampton sets AAA at a school average of 8.5 with 80% in the state examinations, while Glasgow requires 9. The more conservative combination is used. Both are explicit that the state examinations must be externally marked.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Luxembourg Secondary School Leaving Diploma

Also seen as: Diplôme de Fin d'Études Secondaires Générales · European Baccalaureate · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Luxembourg is one of the straightforward ones. The Diplôme de Fin d'Études Secondaires is accepted for direct entry to year one of a UK bachelor's degree across the sector, and UK universities publish proper grade conversions for it. As a rough guide, a score in the high forties out of sixty is treated as AAA. No foundation year is needed.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not applicable. The DFES is accepted for year one in its own right. The European Baccalaureate, widely taken in Luxembourg, is also accepted directly, at around 82 per cent for AAA down to 72 per cent for BBC at Kent. If your score falls short of the published equivalent for your chosen course, the answer is usually a different course or a lower-tariff university rather than a foundation year.

English language

Most Luxembourgish applicants will be asked for IELTS 6.5 overall, but because the DFES is taught partly in German and French with English as a strong subject, universities frequently accept a high English grade within the diploma itself. Ask the admissions office to confirm in writing before booking a test. Holders of the European Baccalaureate or the International Baccalaureate taught in English are usually exempt.

Worth knowing

The universities disagree about how generous to be, and the gap is worth knowing. Kent and Southampton both put AAA at 48 out of 60, Queen's Belfast at 49, and Warwick considerably higher at 52. Coventry accepts the diploma at 40 or above, which is the lowest published figure found. The table above gives the range rather than pretending there is one number. Southampton also publishes per-subject equivalents of A* at 52 or higher, A at 48 or higher and B at 44 or higher, which matters if your course names a required subject.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of Kent
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Warwick
• Coventry University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Malaysian Higher School Certificate

Also seen as: Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) · Matriculation / Asasi (foundation) programmes · Cambridge A levels taken in Malaysia · Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM)

Malaysia offers three separate routes into the first year of a UK degree. STPM is treated as directly comparable to A levels and is accepted at almost every university; Matriculation and Asasi programmes are accepted as an equivalent, expressed as a CGPA; and the Unified Examination Certificate is widely accepted in the UK even though it is not recognised for entry to Malaysian public universities.

English language

SPM English at CEFR level B2 in all components, or the older 1119 English paper at grade C where it was awarded up to 2020, is commonly accepted in place of IELTS. Otherwise IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual requirement, and MUET is accepted by some universities at band 4 or above.

Worth knowing

STPM is graded A, A−, B+, B, B−, C+ and C, corresponding to grade points of 4.00, 3.67, 3.33, 3.00, 2.67, 2.33 and 2.00 on a 4.00 GPA scale. Sources disagree on the Matriculation CGPA thresholds: Surrey publishes 3.4 for AAA down to 2.8 for CCC, while Warwick publishes a distinctly tougher scale of 3.5 for AAA rising to 3.8 for A*A*A, and Nottingham quotes a working range of 3.4 to 3.7; the higher figures are the safer assumption. UEC requirements are also expressed differently — Surrey asks for grade B3 in five subjects for AAB or ABB, whereas Warwick converts UEC to a percentage and asks for 75–80%. Diplomas from Malaysian institutions at around GPA 3.2 are considered case by case and can sometimes give advanced standing.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• University of Warwick
• University of Nottingham
• University of Sheffield

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Higher School Certificate (Cambridge International A levels)

Also seen as: Cambridge O Level / School Certificate · French Baccalaureat · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Mauritius sits its Higher School Certificate as Cambridge International A levels, so applicants are assessed against exactly the same grades as UK A level candidates and enter year one directly. Cambridge O levels are treated as GCSEs for subject requirements.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Cambridge School Certificate or O Level English at grade C is widely accepted in place of IELTS, although some courses ask for a higher grade.

Worth knowing

Cambridge International A level does not appear on the UCAS tariff, which sometimes leads applicants to assume it carries no points value and is not recognised. It is in fact accepted by UK universities as equivalent to a UK A level, and offers are expressed in ordinary A level grades. Applicants from the French-medium sector in Mauritius offer the French Baccalaureat instead, which is assessed on a marks-out-of-20 basis and typically needs around 12 to 14 overall. Sources were consistent for Mauritius and no material disagreement was found.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• University of Manchester
• University of Bristol

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Pre-university secondary education diploma

Also seen as: Gymnasium and Atheneum streams · European Baccalaureate · International Baccalaureate taken in the Netherlands

The VWO diploma is accepted for direct first-year entry, and both Gymnasium and Atheneum streams are treated the same way. Offers are set against the overall average out of 10 plus marks in the subjects the course requires, which must have been carried in the chosen profiel. The HAVO diploma is not equivalent and does not give direct entry.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but VWO English at 8 is very widely accepted in its place, so most Dutch applicants do not sit a test.

Worth knowing

Southampton expresses the same standard subject by subject rather than as an average (five subjects at 7 for BBB, rising to one at 9, two at 8 and two at 7 for A*AA) and requires a minimum of 6 in every subject. The two readings are broadly consistent. Because the required subjects have to come from the applicant's profiel, a Cultuur en Maatschappij profiel will not satisfy a science or engineering course however high the average.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

French Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat Technologique · Baccalauréat Professionnel · Baccalauréat Français International (BFI), formerly the Option Internationale du Baccalauréat (OIB)

New Caledonia sits inside the French education system, so the qualification you hold is the French Baccalauréat, sat under the French national curriculum and marked out of 20. That is a strong position: the Baccalauréat is accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree right across the sector, with no foundation year needed. St Andrews is the one UK university found that publishes a New Caledonia page of its own, and it simply applies the French requirement. Everywhere else, read the university's France page. Plan around an overall mark of 13 to 16 out of 20 depending on how selective the course is, and check the individual subject marks each course names.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not needed. The Baccalauréat Général is enough on its own. Manchester accepts it from 13 out of 20, and publishes 16 for A*AA down to 13 for ABB. Queen Mary asks for between 13 and 15 overall depending on the course. Kent accepts 13 for direct entry to stage one. Glasgow accepts 14 for BBB and 16 for A*AA. St Andrews is the strictest found, asking for 16 overall with 17 in required subjects on both its France and its New Caledonia pages, dropping to 15 overall with 16 in required subjects for the Baccalauréat Français International. A foundation year is only for applicants below about 12.

Getting onto a foundation year

Only relevant to applicants who fall short. Kent publishes the clearest figure, a Diplôme du Baccalauréat Général at 11.5 out of 20 for its foundation year, against 13 for direct entry to stage one. NCUK, which lists France rather than New Caledonia, asks for successful completion with an average of 10 out of 20 and 10 or more in mathematics and English where those were studied. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need to build their English first. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The Baccalauréat itself can replace it at some universities: Kent exempts applicants with 12 out of 20 in the English component of the Baccalauréat Général, or 11 out of 20 in the international option. New Caledonia is not on the UK Government's list of majority English speaking countries and neither is France, so a secure English language test is normally required for the visa.

Worth knowing

St Andrews is the only UK university found that publishes a New Caledonia entry page, and it is worth knowing that the page carries exactly the same figures as its France page: Baccalauréat 16 overall with 17 in required subjects, Baccalauréat Français International 15 with 16. It also states that New Caledonian applicants are classified as Overseas for fee purposes. Everywhere else, including Manchester, Queen Mary, Kent and Glasgow, there is no New Caledonia row and the France page is the one that governs. The French sources disagree by a wide margin on the top of the ladder, which matters. For A*AA, Manchester and Glasgow both say 16 out of 20 and Queen Mary says 15. For AAA, Manchester says 15 and Queen Mary says 14. Kent runs a per-grade scale instead: A equals 14, B equals 13, C equals 12. Glasgow's ladder starts at 14 for BBB, which is a full grade above Manchester's 13 for ABB. The honest range for a competitive offer is 13 to 16, with 15 a safe target. The table above is Manchester's, from a single university's page rather than a sector conversion.

Checked against

• University of St Andrews
• University of St Andrews
• University of Manchester
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Kent
• University of Glasgow
• NCUK
• UK Government (gov.uk), Student visa: knowledge of English
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

National Certificate of Educational Achievement, Level 3

Also seen as: New Zealand Certificate of Steiner Education (NZCSE) · Cambridge International A levels taken in New Zealand

NCEA Level 3 is accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree. Offers are built from the pattern of Excellence, Merit and Achieved results across Level 3 subjects, usually on a base of at least 80 credits in total with 60 at Level 3.

English language

NCEA Level 3 English at Merit is commonly accepted in place of IELTS, and some universities accept NCEA English at Achieved. Where a test is required the usual level is IELTS 6.0 overall.

Worth knowing

Universities express the same standard in two different ways and these are not directly interchangeable. Leeds counts subjects, asking for a specified number of Excellence and Merit results across 20-credit Level 3 courses. Surrey works from the overall certificate endorsement instead, treating an Excellence-endorsed certificate as AAA and a Merit-endorsed certificate with 24 to 30 Level 3 credits at Excellence as BBB to AAB. The subject-based reading given in the table is the more conservative of the two. Cambridge asks for a Level 3 certificate endorsed with Excellence and a majority of Excellence results in relevant subjects. Cambridge International A levels are also widely sat in New Zealand and are treated as UK A levels.

Checked against

• University of Leeds
• University of Surrey
• University of Cambridge

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Norwegian upper secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Vitnemål for Videregående Opplæring, studiekompetanse

The Vitnemål conferring general study competence is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the overall average out of 6 plus a specified grade in any subject the course names. A grade of 4 is roughly the working equivalent of a GCSE B where a course sets a supporting requirement in maths or English.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but Vitnemål English at grade 4 or above is accepted in its place at many UK universities.

Worth knowing

The two sources differ by about half a grade point at the top: Glasgow requires a 5.5 average for A*AA and 5.0 for AAA, where Southampton sets those bands at 5.0 and 4.8. The more conservative Glasgow figures are used. Both agree that the average alone is not enough and that named subjects need 5.0.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Polish certificate of maturity

Also seen as: Matura Międzynarodowa (IB) · Matura Europejska (European Baccalaureate)

The Matura is accepted for direct first-year entry, but only where three written papers have been taken at extended (rozszerzony) level. Basic-level (podstawowy) results alone are not treated as A level equivalent, and any subject a course names has to be one of the extended-level papers. Universities also expect a solid standard across the remaining basic-level subjects.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Extended-level Matura English at a high percentage is accepted in place of a test by some UK universities but by no means all, so applicants should check before deciding not to sit one.

Worth knowing

The two sources express the same standard differently and this matters in practice. Glasgow uses raw percentages, as reproduced above, and adds a floor across all standard and extended subjects. Southampton uses stanines instead (ninth stanine for A*, eighth for A, seventh for B), which is a rank-based measure, so the raw percentage needed shifts from year to year with the national distribution. Where a percentage and a stanine requirement conflict, the stanine version is the one that tracks the cohort.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Portuguese certificate of completed secondary education

Also seen as: Provas de Ingresso (national subject exams)

The Portuguese secondary certificate is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the year 12 average out of 20 and against individual subject marks where a course specifies them. The bar sits high on the 20-point scale because Portuguese marking clusters in the upper range.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Portuguese school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test, so applicants should plan on sitting one.

Worth knowing

The two sources differ by roughly a full point: Glasgow sets AAA at 19 overall while Southampton sets it at 18. The more conservative Glasgow figures are used. Universities vary on whether they want the internal classificação final or the national Provas de Ingresso results, so applicants should supply both.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Romanian Baccalaureate diploma

Also seen as: International Baccalaureate taken in Romania

The Diploma de Bacalaureat is accepted for direct first-year entry, with offers set against the overall average out of 10 and against the marks in the written examination subjects. Where a course names a subject, it normally has to appear among those written papers rather than only in the school record.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Romanian school English is not commonly accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Glasgow and Southampton agree band for band on this one, which makes it one of the more reliable conversions in the set. Both work from the written examination marks rather than the internal school average, so applicants should supply the full Bacalaureat result sheet.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Diploma of completed secondary education

Also seen as: Diploma o polozenom maturskom ispitu · Diploma o polozenom zavrsnom ispitu · Diploma o stecenom srednjem obrazovanju · Four year vocational stream diploma

The Serbian four year secondary diploma is accepted for entry straight into year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and no foundation year is normally needed. Offers are set against the overall grade out of 5, with individual subject grades checked where a course names a subject. Note that a Serbian English qualification will not be accepted in place of IELTS, so plan for a recognised English test.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not needed. The four year diploma is enough on its own. A foundation year only comes into the picture if you hold a three year vocational diploma or fall short of the grades a course asks for, in which case programmes such as the Edinburgh International Foundation Programme or Ravensbourne's integrated foundation year at a Matura grade of 3 or above are the way in.

Getting onto a foundation year

Only relevant for applicants who fall short. Solent accepts the diploma at 3 out of 5 for foundation entry against 4 out of 5 for its three year degrees, and Ravensbourne asks for 2.5 or above for its integrated foundation year against 3 or above for year one.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for a few courses. Brighton states directly that it will not accept a Serbian English language qualification as meeting its English requirement, and Edinburgh requires every applicant to evidence English regardless of nationality, so budget for IELTS, TOEFL or an equivalent recognised test.

Worth knowing

The three universities that publish a ladder do not agree on where the top sits. Brighton, used for the table above, puts AAA at 5 and BBB at 4. Edinburgh describes its standard as an overall 4 out of 5 with at least 4 in required subjects and 5 where a course wants an A or A*, which is close to Brighton. Queen Mary is stricter, wanting 5 out of 5 overall for both A*AA and AAA and 4.5 for the next step down. Read the Brighton scale as the accessible end and Queen Mary's as the selective end. Solent lists Serbia under a generic 'Diploma of Completed Secondary Education' with 4 out of 5 for degree entry, which sits between them.

Checked against

• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Brighton
• Solent University
• Ravensbourne University London
• Solent University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level

Also seen as: Polytechnic Diploma · Integrated Programme · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Singapore-Cambridge A level is accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree without any additional qualification, and H2 subjects are counted in place of UK A level subjects. Polytechnic Diplomas are also considered, either for the first year or occasionally for advanced standing, and the Integrated Programme is accepted in the same way.

English language

Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level English at grade C is normally accepted in place of IELTS, so most applicants from Singapore do not need to sit a separate English test. Where one is required the usual level is IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall.

Worth knowing

Offers are made on H2 subjects, with H1 subjects and Project Work counted as supporting rather than principal subjects. Universities do not treat H2 grades quite identically to UK A level grades: Surrey, for example, treats AAB at H2 as meeting an AAA A level requirement, while Cambridge asks for AAAA at H2, or AAA at H2 plus at least a merit at H3. A Polytechnic Diploma at around GPA 3.1 is quoted as comparable to AAA at A level. No single published H2-to-A-level ladder is used across the sector, so no conversion table is given here.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• University of Sheffield
• University of Cambridge

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Secondary school leaving certificate (Maturita)

Also seen as: Maturitna skuska · Maturita

The Slovak Maturita is accepted for entry straight into year one of a UK bachelor's degree, with no foundation year needed. Offers are written in terms of how many subjects you have at grade 1 and how low your weakest subject is allowed to go, so a clean set of 1s and 2s puts you in range of even the most selective courses. Where a course names a subject, some universities look at the written examination mark rather than the grade, Manchester asking for 85 per cent or a grade 1.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not needed. The Maturita is enough on its own. A foundation year is only relevant if your grades fall short of the course you want; Ravensbourne, for example, takes a Maturita average of 4.0 for its integrated foundation year against 3.0 for year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

Only relevant for applicants who fall short of direct entry. Ravensbourne asks for a Maturita average of 4.0 for its integrated foundation year. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with higher scores for law, medicine and teaching. A strong grade in Maturita English is accepted in place of a test by some universities but not all, and Manchester notes that a B2 level minimum applies for visa purposes with individual schools free to ask for more, so check the course page before assuming a waiver.

Worth knowing

The published ladders agree closely. Queen Mary's, used above, and Manchester's are effectively the same standard described two ways, Manchester saying '1 in the majority of subjects and nothing below 2' covers everything from BBB to A*A*A. Brighton converts to an average instead, putting AAA at 1.0, BBB at 2.0 and CCC at 2.6, and Surrey publishes a similar average based scale with 1.0 at A*AA. One exception worth knowing: Queen Mary does not accept the Maturita for its London MBBS or BDS, only for the Malta based MBBS.

Checked against

• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Manchester
• University of Brighton
• University of Surrey
• Ravensbourne University London
• Queen Mary University of London

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Matura certificate

Also seen as: Splosna matura (general Matura) · Poklicna matura (vocational Matura) · Spricevalo o poklicni maturi

The Slovenian Matura is accepted for entry straight into year one of a UK bachelor's degree, with no foundation year needed. Offers are expressed either as subject grades out of 5 or as a total points score across five subjects. If you are aiming at the most selective universities, take two subjects at higher level, because St Andrews and others expect that as well as the points total.

How to avoid the foundation year

Not needed. The general Matura is enough on its own. Ravensbourne's integrated foundation year at a Matura grade of 2.5 exists for applicants who fall short of its year one requirement of grade 3.

Getting onto a foundation year

Only relevant for applicants who fall short. Ravensbourne asks for a Matura grade of 2.5 or above for its integrated foundation year. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Manchester accepts iGCSE or O level English, or IB English at a high grade, in place of a test. A strong Matura English grade is accepted by some universities but this is not universal, so check the course page.

Worth knowing

The sources describe the same standard in two different currencies and the wording matters. Brighton, used for the table, works in subject grades out of 5 and puts AAA at 5, BBB at 4 and CCC at 3. Manchester says '5s in the majority of subjects and nothing below 4' covers the whole range from BBB to A*A*A, which is consistent. Queen Mary works in totals: five Matura subjects at 5,5,5,5,4 for A*AA and 28 points overall for AAA. St Andrews also uses 28 points across five subjects including two at advanced level, with 5 in required subjects, against A level offers of AAB to A*A*A. Ravensbourne is the most accessible at grade 3 for year one.

Checked against

• University of Brighton
• University of Manchester
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of St Andrews
• Ravensbourne University London

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

National Senior Certificate (matric)

Also seen as: Independent Examinations Board (IEB) National Senior Certificate · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The National Senior Certificate with strong grades is accepted for direct entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree. Offers are expressed as a string of NSC subject grades on the 1 to 7 scale, usually across five or six approved subjects, and compulsory subject requirements apply for many courses.

English language

IELTS 6.0-7.0 depending on the course. NSC English is normally accepted in place of IELTS, usually at grade 5 or 6 depending on how demanding the course is, and results are generally required to be within seven years.

Worth knowing

The NSC is graded 1 to 7, with 7 the highest. Sources disagree materially on how generous the conversion is. One university maps 77666 to AAB and 77766 to AAA; another maps 77666 to AAA and 66666 to BBB, which is roughly one grade more generous across the range. The more conservative mapping is given in the table above. Some older university pages still name the qualification the Senior Certificate with matriculation endorsement, which is the predecessor award; the current qualification is the NSC. Mathematics requirements distinguish between Mathematics and the less demanding Mathematical Literacy, and courses with a quantitative element commonly insist on Mathematics.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Spanish upper secondary school certificate

Also seen as: EBAU / EvAU (Selectividad) · Credencial de Acceso (UNED) · Bachillerato Internacional

The Título de Bachiller is accepted for direct first-year entry and offers are set against the overall average out of 10, usually with a matching mark in any subject the course specifies. Applicants taking a modalidad that does not cover a required subject may be asked to evidence it separately.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Some UK universities accept 8 out of 10 in Bachillerato English as a second language in place of a test, but this is less widely offered than the equivalent German or Dutch concession.

Worth knowing

None of the sources checked required the EBAU/Selectividad or the UNED Credencial de Acceso for UK entry; requirements are expressed against the Título de Bachiller average alone. Applicants who have sat the EBAU should still supply the marks, as they help where a Bachillerato average is borderline, but the absence of an EBAU result is not itself a barrier. Sources differ by about half a point: Glasgow and Warwick both put AAA at an average of 9.0, while Southampton puts it at 8.5. The more conservative figure is used.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Warwick
• University of Nottingham

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Sri Lankan GCE Advanced Level

Also seen as: Cambridge or Edexcel A levels taken in Sri Lanka · Sri Lankan GCE Ordinary Level

The Sri Lankan GCE Advanced Level is treated as broadly comparable to the UK A level and is accepted for direct entry to the first year, with offers expressed in the same way as for UK applicants. Typical offers run from A*AA to ABB depending on the course, with subject requirements applying as normal.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The General English paper taken alongside the Advanced Level is not normally sufficient on its own, so most applicants sit a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Because the local Advanced Level is graded A, B, C, S and F, a UK offer normally counts only grades A to C as meeting an A level grade requirement. Sri Lankan students commonly sit Cambridge or Edexcel A levels instead, and these are handled identically to UK A levels. No published percentage-based conversion table exists for this qualification, so none is given here rather than inventing one.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Swedish upper secondary leaving certificate, higher education preparatory

Also seen as: Slutbetyg / Avgångsbetyg från Gymnasieskolan (pre-2013 awards)

The higher education preparatory Gymnasieexamen, taken with the full 2,500 credits, is accepted for direct first-year entry. Offers are set against the overall merit average on the 10 to 20 scale, and any subject a course names has to have been carried to the appropriate course level, for example Matematik 3c or 4 for a quantitative degree rather than Matematik 1.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, but Gymnasium English at grade C or above (or VG on the older scale) is accepted in its place at many UK universities.

Worth knowing

Sources sit about half a point apart. Kent puts AAA at 18.5 and BBB at 17.0; Southampton uses bands and puts AAA at 18 to 18.49 and BBB at 16.25 to 16.74. The more conservative Kent figures are used. Glasgow's Sweden page does not publish a usable ladder and repeats the same wording across every A level band, so it was not relied on for the conversion. A vocational Yrkesexamen does not carry the same status and does not normally give direct entry.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Southampton
• Queen's University Belfast

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Swiss Federal Maturity Certificate

Also seen as: Cantonal Maturité · Federal Vocational Baccalaureate (Berufsmaturität) · European Baccalaureate

The federal Maturity Certificate is accepted for direct first-year entry in all language regions, with offers set against the overall average out of 6 and against the mark in any subject the course names. Cantonal certificates are treated the same way, often expressed as a distinction band (sehr gut, très bien, molto bene) rather than a number.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, though a grade of 5 in Maturity English is accepted in place of a test at a number of UK universities.

Worth knowing

The two sources diverge at the top: Glasgow requires 5.5 for A*AA and 5.25 for AAA, while Kent treats a flat 5 as sufficient for anything from AAB up to A*AA. The more conservative Glasgow scale is used. The Federal Vocational Baccalaureate (Berufsmaturität) and the Federal Specialised Baccalaureate are not automatically equivalent and are assessed case by case.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Kent
• University of Nottingham

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education (Tanzanian A levels)

Also seen as: Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE, O level equivalent) · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education is a genuine A-level-standard qualification and good grades in three principal subjects are accepted for direct entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree. Offers are usually made grade for grade against the UK A level requirement.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The Certificate of Secondary Education at grade C in English is accepted in place of IELTS by many universities, though some courses require a higher grade.

Worth knowing

The conservative grade-for-grade mapping is given above. One source is noticeably more generous at the top of the scale, treating ACSE AAA as sufficient for A level requirements as high as A*A*A, on the basis that AAA is the ceiling of the Tanzanian scale; another applies straight grade-for-grade throughout. Applicants aiming at courses asking for A* grades should assume the stricter reading and check with the individual university. The Certificate of Secondary Education, taken two years earlier, is the O level equivalent and is used for GCSE-level subject requirements such as mathematics.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination

Also seen as: Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) · Associate Degree · Cambridge International A Level

CAPE is accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree in place of A levels. Offers are usually expressed as three two-unit subjects, or as six units including at least two double-unit courses, with grades matched to the A level grades the course would otherwise ask for. CSEC sits at GCSE level and is used for subject minimums in English and mathematics.

English language

Trinidad and Tobago is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. CSEC English A at grade I to III is commonly accepted as the English requirement.

Worth knowing

Published offers run from grade I in three two-unit subjects for an A*AA or AAA course, to grade I in two subjects plus grade II in a third for AAB, to grade I in one plus grade II in two others for ABB. Caribbean Studies and Communication Studies are excluded from the counted subjects by several universities. One university publishes a more generous per-unit reading in which two grade IIs in a two-unit course meet an A level A, so the table above is the more conservative of the two published patterns. CAPE carries no UCAS Tariff points; the Tariff covers only UK-regulated qualifications, so any Tariff figure quoted against CAPE is a university's own internal conversion. An Associate Degree with good grades is an alternative route into year one.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Edinburgh
• University of Kent
• UCAS

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Direct entry

Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education (Ugandan A levels)

Also seen as: Uganda Certificate of Education (UCE, O level equivalent) · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education is accepted as an A-level-standard qualification and principal subject passes are converted grade for grade against UK A level offers, giving direct entry to year one. Typical offers sit between CCD and AAA depending on the course.

English language

IELTS 6.0-7.0 depending on the course, most commonly 6.0 with 5.5 in each component. The Uganda Certificate of Education English at grade 6 or better, or a credit pass in the range of grades 1 to 6, is widely accepted in place of IELTS, and some universities require grade 5. Results are often required to be within seven years.

Worth knowing

UACE principal subjects are graded A, B, C, D, E and O by the Uganda National Examinations Board, and each letter carries a national point value used for Ugandan university admission, with A worth 6 points down to O worth 1 and F worth none. That numeric column is a domestic points scale, not a UK equivalence: none of the UK institutional sources checked publishes a UACE points column alongside its A level mapping, and every UK source found converts by letter grade only. The numeric values are therefore not reproduced as a UK conversion, because doing so would manufacture a scale no UK source publishes. The Uganda Certificate of Education, taken two years earlier, is the O level equivalent, with UCE grade 4 usually treated as GCSE grade B or 5 and UCE grade 6 as GCSE grade C or 4. Applicants holding only the UCE need a foundation year.

Checked against

• University of Surrey
• Oxford Brookes University
• University of Edinburgh
• University of York
• University of Southampton

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Direct entry

Zimbabwean A levels

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · ZIMSEC GCE Ordinary Level · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Zimbabwean A levels, whether awarded by ZIMSEC or by Cambridge International, are accepted for direct entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree and are normally assessed grade for grade against the UK A level offer. Ordinary Level alone is not sufficient and leads to a foundation year.

English language

IELTS 5.5-7.0 depending on the course. ZIMSEC or Cambridge O level English is widely accepted in place of IELTS: grade C is commonly treated as equivalent to IELTS 5.5-6.5, grade B to IELTS 7.0 and grade A to IELTS 7.5 or above. Results are generally required to be within seven years.

Worth knowing

Cambridge International A level is not listed on the UCAS tariff, which occasionally causes confusion, but it is accepted by UK universities as equivalent to a UK A level and offers to Zimbabwean applicants are made in A level grades in the ordinary way. Sources differ slightly at the top of the scale: one treats ZIMSEC AAA as satisfying requirements as high as A*A*A, while another states plainly that Zimbabwean A levels are considered grade for grade with GCE A levels. The conservative grade-for-grade mapping is given above.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Edinburgh

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Sometimes direct

Albanian State Matura Diploma

Also seen as: Deftese Pjekurie (older secondary school leaving certificate) · Matura Nderkombetare (International Baccalaureate)

The State Matura is accepted for the first year of a degree at a good number of UK universities, but not across the sector. Where it is accepted the usual bar is an average of 7 or 8 out of 10, with more competitive courses asking higher. More selective universities take the view that the Matura sits below A level standard and ask for a foundation year on top of it, so the answer genuinely depends on where you apply.

How to avoid the foundation year

Apply to universities that publish a direct-entry Matura threshold rather than assuming a foundation year is compulsory. Three checked accept it outright: one at an average of 8 or above, another at 8 or above with competitive courses higher, and a third at 7 or above. One large university accepts an average of 9 or above for direct entry and drops to grade 5 plus a foundation programme below that. A completed international foundation course, usually at 55 to 65 per cent, is the other accepted route, and A levels or the IB give direct entry anywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

The State Matura with an overall average of about 6 out of 10, and 6 or better in mathematics and English where studied, is the published foundation entry standard at a large pathway consortium. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Albanian school English is not generally accepted in place of a recognised test, so most applicants sit IELTS or an equivalent.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree materially and the range matters. At the generous end, one university accepts the Matura at an average of 7 for year one and another at 8. In the middle, a large modern university sets 9 for direct entry and 5 plus a foundation programme below that. At the strict end, one Russell Group university and one large metropolitan university both require a recognised foundation programme on top of the Matura regardless of grade. No UK university checked publishes an A level to Matura conversion ladder, so no table is given here rather than manufacturing one from a single page. Note also that the Matura is scored out of 10; a mark quoted out of 20 on a UK page is usually a template error rather than an Albanian scale.

Checked against

• University of Westminster
• UWE Bristol
• University of Bedfordshire
• Queen's University Belfast
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Bristol
• Coventry University
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Secondary school leaving diploma (Matura)

Also seen as: Diploma o polozenom maturskom ispitu (Republika Srpska) · Matura

The Bosnian secondary school leaving diploma is accepted for the first year of a UK degree at a number of universities, typically at an overall average of 4 to 5 out of 5, but it is not accepted right across the sector. Some selective universities still ask for a foundation year, A levels or the IB on top of it. The grade you need therefore depends heavily on where you apply, so check each university's own country page before you assume anything.

How to avoid the foundation year

Apply to the universities that publish a direct-entry average. One London university sets 5.0 overall for an A*A*A or A*AA course and 4.5 for AAA, another converts 5.0 to an A grade, 4.0 to a B and 3.0 to a C, and a third accepts 4 out of 5 for entry to year one and 2 out of 5 for a foundation or international year one. A completed higher education diploma with a satisfactory grade can also lead to entry at year two or three. A levels or the IB give direct entry anywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

The leaving diploma at an average of 2 out of 5 is enough for a foundation or international year one at one modern university, while a large university asks for a 3 out of 5 average plus a foundation programme. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. At least one university states that it will not accept a Bosnian English language qualification in place of its minimum English requirement, so plan on sitting IELTS or an equivalent.

Worth knowing

The sources disagree by about half a grade point and it matters. For an AAA-level course, one London university asks 4.5 overall while another university's conversion implies 5.0, so the safe planning figure is 5.0 and 4.5 is worth trying. At the other end, one modern university accepts 4 out of 5 for year one outright. Against all of that, one ancient Scottish university and one large university list the national school leaving certificate as needing a foundation programme, the IB or A levels on top, which is why the route here is direct-conditional rather than direct. Note also that the certificate goes by two different names, Diploma o zavrsenoj srednjoj skoli in the Federation and Diploma o polozenom maturskom ispitu in Republika Srpska, and UK pages list both at the same grades. The table above is drawn from two universities' published conversions and is not a sector-wide standard.

Checked against

• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Brighton
• Nottingham Trent University
• University of St Andrews
• University of Warwick
• Coventry University
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Certificate of Completion of Secondary Education

Also seen as: ENEM (Exame Nacional do Ensino Medio) · First year of a Bacharel or Licenciatura · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Where the Ensino Medio is accepted on its own, the mark asked for is about 8 out of 10, and a small number of universities will also take an ENEM score in the region of 55 per cent. Many other universities do not accept it at all and expect either a one-year international foundation programme or the completed first year of a Brazilian degree, so the answer depends heavily on which universities are being applied to.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Ensino Médio at 7.5 with the relevant subjects at 7.5, or an ENEM score of 4000, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked; an international college sets the same at 6 out of 10 for business and 7 for science and engineering. Where a university accepts the certificate directly the mark asked is about 8 out of 10, and a few take ENEM at around 55 per cent. The completed first year of a Bacharel or Licenciatura at about 7 out of 10 is widely accepted for entry to year one. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Be aware that Loughborough requires a foundation year for the Ensino Médio and ENEM outright, so which universities are on the list matters more here than in most countries.

Getting onto a foundation year

Certificado de Conclusão do Ensino Médio. Foundation entry is grade C overall at one pathway provider, 6.0 with 6.5 in the relevant subjects at another, and five subjects passed at an overall average of 5 at an international college; a selective preparatory certificate asks an average of 8 out of 10. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall with 5.5-6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of the Ensino Medio and the languages paper in ENEM are not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

This is a genuine split rather than a gap in the evidence. Two universities publish direct entry to year one on the Ensino Medio at 8 out of 10, one of them also accepting ENEM at 55 per cent, and a third accepts the certificate at 8.0. Against that, one highly selective university states plainly that the certificate and ENEM or vestibular results are not acceptable entry qualifications, and several others route Brazilian school leavers through a foundation year. The safest plan is to treat the Ensino Medio as sufficient only where a university says so in writing. The first-year-of-degree route is well established: the completed first year of a Bacharel or Licenciatura is widely considered for entry to year one, with one university asking for an average of 7 out of 10. Foundation programmes typically ask for 6.0 to 8.0 out of 10 depending on the provider, with a higher mark in mathematics and physics for engineering routes. An Ensino Medio taken with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects is another accepted combination.

Checked against

• Nottingham Trent University
• UWE Bristol
• London School of Economics
• University of Sheffield
• University of Bristol
• Cardiff University
• University of Southampton
• University College London
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University College London
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Cameroon GCE Advanced Level and Cameroon Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Cameroon GCE Ordinary Level · Probatoire · Baccalaureat de Technicien · Brevet de Technicien

Cameroon has two school systems and UK universities treat them very differently. The Anglophone Cameroon GCE Advanced Level is widely accepted for direct entry to year one, with offers written in the same A level grades as for UK applicants. The Francophone Baccalaureat is accepted for year one by a good number of universities at around 12 to 15 out of 20, but several selective universities will not take it without a foundation year. Please read the visa note below before doing anything else.

How to avoid the foundation year

If you hold the Cameroon GCE Advanced Level you do not need a foundation year at all; grade C or better is the published floor at two universities, and selective courses simply ask for the A level grades they would ask of a UK applicant. If you hold the Baccalaureat, apply to the universities that publish a direct-entry mark: 12 to 13 or above at one, 12 out of 20 at another, and a good Baccalaureat at 14 to 15 or mention bien at a third. A DEUG or completed years of a Cameroonian degree can give advanced entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Cameroon GCE Ordinary Level, a Certificat d'Aptitude Professionnelle or the Probatoire normally needs a foundation year first. For the Baccalaureat, one Russell Group university asks 17 out of 20 overall with 17 in mathematics and physics for its integrated science and engineering foundation, while a pathway consortium asks only an overall average of 10 out of 20 with 10 or better in mathematics and English. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

Grade C or above in English at Cameroon GCE Ordinary Level is accepted in place of IELTS by several universities, which is a real saving for Anglophone applicants. Otherwise IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual requirement. Francophone applicants should expect to sit a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Two things need saying plainly. First, the visa. Under the UK visa brake announced in March 2026, student visa applications made from outside the UK by nationals of Cameroon, Afghanistan, Myanmar and Sudan on or after 26 March 2026 are refused; the measure is to be reviewed after eighteen months, and applications made from inside the UK are not caught. Universities have been posting this on their Cameroon pages, one saying simply that study visas are not currently being issued to nationals of Cameroon. Second, the academic disagreement, which is genuine. Two of the most selective universities checked say the Baccalaureat is not acceptable for direct entry and require an approved international foundation course, one of them adding that it does not accept the Cameroon Baccalaureate at all. Four other universities publish direct-entry marks for the same certificate, ranging from 12 out of 20 up to 14 or 15 with mention bien. Both positions are real, which is why the route here is direct-conditional. Note that one university's page quotes the Baccalaureat threshold as '11/12', which does not match the Cameroonian 20-point scale and should be checked with that university before relying on it. No UK university checked publishes a full A level conversion ladder for the Baccalaureat, so no table is given.

Checked against

• University of Edinburgh, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
• University of Manchester
• University of Portsmouth
• UWE Bristol
• Solent University
• University of Edinburgh Student Immigration Service
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

National Higher Education Entrance Examination

Also seen as: 高中毕业证书 (Senior High School Graduation Certificate) · 高中会考 (Huikao / provincial graduation examinations) · A levels, IB or AP taken at an international school in China

A strong Gaokao result is now accepted for direct entry to the first year at roughly thirty UK universities, usually at 70–80% of the maximum score available in the applicant's province, with a matching percentage in any subject the course requires. At the many universities that do not accept it, and for applicants holding only the Senior High School Graduation Certificate, a one-year international foundation programme is the standard route.

How to avoid the foundation year

A competitive Gaokao result is the main route: roughly thirty UK universities accept it for direct entry to year one, usually at 70 to 80 per cent of the maximum available in the applicant's province, with a matching percentage in any subject the course requires. Loughborough accepts a completed first year of a Chinese university degree at 75 to 80 per cent. Senior High 3 at 65 per cent overall with a Gaokao of 50 per cent is enough for an International Year One, which starts at year two. A levels, the IB or APs taken at an international school in China give direct entry. The graduation certificate on its own, without a competitive Gaokao, does not meet the year-one standard anywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

Senior High School Graduation Certificate. Foundation entry is Senior High 2 at 65 per cent or Senior High 3 at 60 per cent at one pathway provider, 65 and 60 per cent at another with the Huikao at 65 per cent, and 70 to 60 per cent depending on programme length at an international college; university-run international foundation years ask about 80 per cent, and a selective preparatory certificate 80 per cent overall with 85 per cent in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual requirement, with 5.5–6.0 in each component. The English paper within the Gaokao is not normally accepted in place of a recognised English test, although a high grade in IGCSE or IB English taken at an international school generally is.

Worth knowing

Scores must be read as a percentage because the provincial maximum differs: most provinces mark out of 750, Shanghai out of 660, and Hainan out of 900 including Huikao credit. Some universities disregard provincial bonus points. Sources disagree materially on the threshold for an AAA-equivalent course — Sheffield publishes 75%, Surrey and Birmingham 80% — so 80% is the safer planning figure. At the most selective end the bar is far higher: Cambridge asks for placement in the top 0.1% of the province at some colleges and does not accept the Gaokao alone at others. At the other end a small number of universities publish thresholds as low as 60%. The Senior High School Graduation Certificate on its own, without a competitive Gaokao score, does not meet the entry standard for year one anywhere in the UK.

Checked against

• University of Birmingham
• University of Sheffield
• University of Surrey
• University of Cambridge
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Leeds
• University College London
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Cypriot upper secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Lise Diploması (Turkish-Cypriot secondary diploma) · Pancyprian Examinations · GCE A levels

The Apolytirio Lykeiou on its own is usually not enough for direct first-year entry. UK universities ask for it alongside one or two A levels, or alongside Pancyprian examination results, and set the Apolytirio itself at 18 or above out of 20. Because A levels are widely taught in Cyprus, the Apolytirio plus A levels combination is the most common route, and a recognised foundation year is the alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

A foundation year is usually avoidable. Kent accepts an Apolytirio of 18.5 or above on its own for courses with no named subject requirement, and Nottingham likewise accepts the Apolytirio without A levels where very high grades have been achieved. Below that, the Apolytirio at 17 or 18 with two A levels is the standard combination: Nottingham asks 17 plus BB for a course wanting BBB, and Kent publishes a ladder from 16.5 to 18.5 paired with A level combinations. The Turkish-Cypriot Lise Diploması at 7.3 to 8.6 out of 10 is treated the same way, with one or two A levels alongside. Since A levels are widely taught in Cyprus, adding one or two is normally cheaper and faster than a foundation year.

Getting onto a foundation year

Apolytirio Lykeiou, marked out of 20. No provider checked publishes a Cyprus-specific foundation entry threshold; Apolytirio holders who miss direct entry are routed into a general foundation programme and assessed individually, and the same applies to holders of the Turkish-Cypriot Lise Diploması. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Cypriot school English is not accepted in place of a test, though A level English or a recognised proficiency certificate is.

Worth knowing

All three sources agree that the Apolytirio alone is insufficient, but they differ on how much extra is needed. Glasgow's requirements, used above, are the most demanding. Kent is a band lower throughout, treating an Apolytirio of 18.5 with two A levels at AA as AAA and adding that it will consider an applicant with 18.5 or above from a public-sector Lykeio on an individual basis where the degree has no named subject requirements. Southampton notes on its Cyprus page that it is reviewing how it treats the Apolytirio for 2026 entry, so this is one to re-check before an application cycle. The Turkish-Cypriot Lise Diploması is handled separately, at around 8.5 out of 10 for the top bands.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Kent
• University of Southampton
• University of Kent
• University of Nottingham
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Salvadoran Bachillerato

Also seen as: Bachillerato Técnico Vocacional · Título de Técnico · Perito · Auxiliar · Técnico Superior · Diplomado

El Salvador has two school-leaving routes and UK universities treat them differently. The two year Bachillerato General usually needs a foundation year or an extra test alongside it. The three year Bachillerato Técnico Vocacional, and the Técnico, Perito and Auxiliar titles, are accepted for year one by several universities, including Bristol, Derby and UWE Bristol. Which certificate you hold matters more here than your grades do.

How to avoid the foundation year

Bristol will consider applicants with a Técnico, Perito or Auxiliar and a good grade profile for suitable undergraduate courses, and also accepts a completed first year of a Salvadoran bachelor's degree. Derby lists the Título de Técnico, Perito and Auxiliar at grade 6 for direct entry, and a Técnico Superior or Diplomado at 7 for entry to year two. UWE Bristol accepts the Bachillerato Técnico Vocacional at 70 per cent or above for year one, and the Bachillerato General at 70 per cent when it is paired with SAT 1050, ACT 20, one Advanced Placement test at 3, or one IB Higher Level subject at 5 or better.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 7 out of 10 in the Título de Bachiller, academic, with at least 7 out of 10 in two relevant subjects. Strathclyde asks for the Bachiller with at least 8 out of 10 overall in the final year for entry at foundation level. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. UWE Bristol and others accept a range of Secure English Language Tests. No UK source checked accepts Salvadoran school English in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree materially here, which is why the route is marked conditional rather than foundation. Warwick says the high school qualification is not considered for entry at all, Bradford requires a foundation programme for the Título de Bachiller, and Strathclyde will only consider it for foundation level at 8 out of 10. Against that, Bristol, Derby and UWE Bristol all publish year-one routes from Salvadoran school qualifications, with UWE requiring an American or IB test alongside the general Bachillerato. The published foundation range is 7 out of 10 at Leeds to 8 out of 10 at Strathclyde. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• UWE Bristol
• University of Bradford
• University of Warwick
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Greek upper secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Panhellenic Examinations (Panellinies) · GCE A levels · International Baccalaureate taken in Greece

The Apolytirio on its own is usually not enough for direct first-year entry. Most UK universities ask for it alongside Panhellenic examination results in the relevant subjects, or alongside one or two A levels, and set the Apolytirio requirement high on the 20-point scale. A recognised international foundation year is the standard alternative for applicants who have only the Apolytirio.

How to avoid the foundation year

A foundation year is usually avoidable. The standard route is the Apolytirio combined with Panhellenic examination results or with one or two A levels: Kent maps an Apolytirio of 18.5 with Panhellenic 17 to AAA and 16.5 with 15 to BBC, and reads an Apolytirio of 18.5 with AA at A level the same way, while Loughborough accepts the Apolytirio with a Panhellenic general access grade of 16.5 to 19.0. Southampton goes further and treats an Apolytirio of 19 on its own as equivalent to AAA for most subjects, requiring Panhellenic subject grades only for engineering and physical sciences. Because A levels are widely available in Greece, adding one or two is normally quicker and cheaper than a foundation year. The foundation year is really only for applicants who have neither Panhellenic results nor A levels.

Getting onto a foundation year

Apolytirio Genikou Lykeiou, marked out of 20. Few providers publish a Greece-specific foundation threshold; a selective preparatory certificate asks 16 out of 20 overall with 17 in each required subject, and mainstream pathway providers take considerably less and assess the transcript individually. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Greek school English is not accepted in place of a test, although widely-held Greek certificates such as the Cambridge or Michigan proficiency awards often are.

Worth knowing

The sources disagree on the central question and this needs stating plainly. Glasgow and Kent both require the Apolytirio to be combined with Panhellenic results or A levels, and neither accepts it alone. Southampton takes the opposite view for most subjects, treating an Apolytirio of 19 as equivalent to AAA on its own and only requiring Panhellenic subject grades for Engineering and Physical Sciences degrees. The conservative two-of-three position is reflected in the table and the route. Applicants holding only the Apolytirio should not assume direct entry and should check the individual university before applying.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Kent
• University of Southampton
• University of Kent
• Loughborough University
• University College London
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

All India Senior School Certificate (CBSE) / Indian School Certificate (CISCE) / state board Higher Secondary Certificate

Also seen as: Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) · Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE / ISC) · State board Higher Secondary Certificates

Standard XII from CBSE or CISCE is accepted for direct entry to the first year at a large number of UK universities, expressed as an overall percentage and a percentage in the specific subjects a course requires. State board results are also accepted, but several universities recognise only a named list of state boards and set a higher percentage for them.

How to avoid the foundation year

Most Indian applicants do not need a foundation year at all: Standard XII is accepted for direct entry to year one across a large part of the sector, at 60 to 65 per cent at some post-1992 universities, 70 to 75 per cent in the middle of the market and 80 to 95 per cent at the most selective, with several universities recognising only a named list of state boards. Where the percentage falls short, Standard XII at 50 per cent with 50 per cent in the relevant subjects is enough for an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree and so beats a foundation year outright. A three-year Indian polytechnic diploma, or the completed first year of an Indian bachelor degree, is accepted for year one or advanced entry at many universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Standard XII. Foundation entry is 50 per cent at two pathway providers, 40 per cent at an international college, and 60 per cent for CBSE or 65 per cent for state boards at a university-run international foundation year; a two-year foundation on Standard X or XI is also sold at 45 to 65 per cent. A selective preparatory certificate asks 70 per cent overall with 75 per cent in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and Standard XII English at a good percentage is very widely accepted in place of IELTS.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

Standard XII English at 70–80% or above is commonly accepted in place of IELTS, with the exact figure varying by board and university. Where a test is needed the usual requirement is IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall. A statement that English was the medium of instruction is not by itself accepted.

Worth knowing

Published thresholds vary widely and honestly cannot be reduced to one figure. Across the sector, minimums of 60% and 65% appear at some post-1992 universities, 70% and 75% are common in the middle of the market, and the most selective universities publish 80–95%. Sheffield states 75% aggregate with 75–80% in four key subjects; Bristol maps 80% to ABB and 90% to A*AA; Manchester quotes 80–95% and accepts state board results only from Maharashtra, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Gujarat for direct entry. The conservative planning assumption is 80% for a mid-tariff course and 85–90% for a competitive one. Cambridge accepts CBSE Class XII only for certain courses and colleges, at A1 in five relevant subjects, and otherwise expects A levels or the IB. Applicants who fall short of the direct-entry percentage are usually offered a foundation year rather than being refused outright.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• University of Bristol
• University of Cambridge
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Leeds
• University College London
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Iranian High School Diploma

Also seen as: Pre-University Certificate (Peeshdaneshgahe) · Konkur (National University Entrance Examination) · Kardani or Fogh Diplom (associate degree) · First year of an Iranian bachelor's degree

Iran is one of the few countries on this list where the school-leaving qualification does get a good number of UK universities to look at you for year one, but only with high marks and only at some of them. Several universities accept the High School Diploma, usually with the Pre-University Certificate or the Konkur alongside it, at marks in the region of 14 to 16 out of 20. Others treat the diploma on its own as below A level standard and ask for an international foundation year instead. The single most important thing is to check the named university rather than assume, because the published threshold moves by as much as four marks out of twenty between institutions.

How to avoid the foundation year

Three things get you past the foundation year. The strongest is the Pre-University Certificate at 15 or 16 out of 20, or 80 per cent, which several universities accept for direct entry to year one. The second is one or more completed years of an Iranian university degree, or an associate degree (Kardani or Fogh Diplom) at about 16 out of 20, which Cardiff, Queen's Belfast and Southampton all accept. The third is A levels or the International Baccalaureate taken at an international school, which are accepted everywhere and are the only route into medicine and dentistry at some universities. An International Year One, which drops you straight into year two, is offered from the Iranian diploma at grade 12 or above for business subjects and 16 for engineering and health at one international college.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Iranian High School Diploma. Published foundation thresholds are an overall 15 out of 20 with 15 in relevant subjects at one Russell Group university, 15 or higher for the pathway provider routes at another, and 16 with 16 in maths and physics for an integrated science and engineering foundation. One international college sets the bar far lower at an average of 10 out of 20. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with some courses accepting 6.0 and some asking higher. School English from the Iranian curriculum is not accepted in place of a recognised test. Cardiff runs a pre-sessional English for University Study course that you can enter at IELTS 4.0 for a September start, and its exit test is accepted instead of IELTS.

Worth knowing

UK universities disagree sharply on the mark needed. Kent and Queen's Belfast publish 14 out of 20, Cardiff about 15, Southampton 16 or 80 per cent, and De Montfort as low as 12 out of 20 or 60 per cent, while Manchester does not accept the diploma for year one at all and routes applicants through a foundation programme. The conversion table above is Kent's and is the only A level ladder for Iran found on a UK university site, so treat it as one university's view rather than the sector's. A further complication is that Iran phased out the separate pre-university year in the late 2010s, so a student finishing school today usually holds only the twelve-year Diplom; many UK pages still name the old Pre-University Certificate and have not caught up.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Manchester
• Queen's University Belfast
• Cardiff University
• University of Southampton
• University of Sheffield
• De Montfort University
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Kosovo High School Diploma with the State Matura

Also seen as: Diploma o Završenoj Srednjoj Školi (the Serbian-language name used on the same certificate) · Matura Shtetërore · Diplomë për Kryerjen e Shkollës së Mesme Profesionale (vocational secondary diploma)

Kosovo has its own school-leaving diploma and its own State Matura, and the good news is that a large number of UK universities list Kosovo as a country in its own right rather than folding it into Serbia. At those universities the diploma is accepted for year one of a bachelor's degree, usually at an overall grade of 3 to 4 out of 5. It is not accepted everywhere: the most selective universities take the view that it sits below A level standard and ask for a foundation year, A levels or the International Baccalaureate on top. So the deciding factor is where you apply, and it is worth checking each university's Kosovo page before you commit to a foundation year you may not need.

How to avoid the foundation year

Yes, for most applicants, by choosing universities that publish a Kosovo threshold. Brighton accepts the diploma at 3 or above out of 5; Bradford at 3 out of 5 for the lowest band and 4 for the highest; Chester at 3.5; Bath Spa at 3.5; Queen's Belfast at grade B or 4 overall; Teesside at 7 out of 10 on its own scale. St Mary's lists the vocational secondary diploma for undergraduate entry. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry anywhere, and completed years of a Kosovan university degree are considered case by case.

Getting onto a foundation year

Chester publishes the lowest bar found, a diploma grade of 2.5 or above for its foundation year, against 3.5 for year one. UCL is at the other extreme and asks for 4.5 overall and 4.5 in each required subject just to join its Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate, which is higher than several universities ask for direct degree entry. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5, against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need to build their English first. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 6.5 at the more selective universities. Brighton states plainly that it will not accept a Kosovan English language qualification in place of its minimum English standard, so plan for IELTS or another recognised test. Kosovo is not on the UK Government's list of majority English speaking countries, so a secure English language test is normally needed for the visa as well.

Worth knowing

On the question of whether UK universities list Kosovo separately from Serbia, the answer is mostly yes. Brighton, Bradford, Chester, Bath Spa, Queen's University Belfast, St Andrews, Teesside, St Mary's, Liverpool John Moores, UCL and Edinburgh all carry a Kosovo entry with Kosovan qualification names in Albanian. The University of Cambridge does not: its international qualifications table lists Serbia but has no Kosovo row, and tells applicants from unlisted countries that their qualifications may not be accepted. Sources disagree on the scale itself. Most treat the secondary diploma as marked out of 5, and Teesside is the outlier, quoting 7 out of 10 for the general diploma and 8 out of 10 for the technical and vocational profile. The grade thresholds themselves range from 3 out of 5 at Brighton and Bradford to 4 at Queen's Belfast and 4.5 at UCL, so the honest spread for year one is 3 to 4.5 out of 5. Only Bradford publishes a UCAS points ladder, and the table above is built from that single university's page; it is not a sector conversion, and no UK university found publishes a direct A level to Matura ladder.

Checked against

• University of Brighton
• University of Bradford
• University of Chester
• Bath Spa University
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of St Andrews
• Teesside University
• St Mary's University, Twickenham
• UCL Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate
• University of Cambridge
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

Montenegrin Matura Diploma

Also seen as: Diploma o Završenoj Srednjoj Školi · Gimnazija leaving certificate · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Montenegrin Matura is accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree by some universities and not by others, which makes the choice of university the deciding factor. St Andrews accepts it at an overall average of 4.0 with 5.0 in the subjects a course requires, and Bristol accepts it with high grades of typically 4 to 5. Edinburgh and Coventry, by contrast, expect a foundation year. Grades of 4 and 5 in your named subjects are what open the direct door.

How to avoid the foundation year

Apply where the Matura is accepted. St Andrews publishes an overall average of 4.0 with 5.0 in required subjects, which sits alongside its A level range of AAB to A*A*A. Bristol accepts the Diploma o Položenom Maturskom Ispitu with high grades, typically between 4 and 5. A levels or the International Baccalaureate at 36 to 38 points give direct entry anywhere. If your average is nearer 3, a foundation year is the realistic route.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Gimnazija leaving certificate or Matura. Coventry publishes completion of the Gimnazija with an average of good, plus a recognised foundation programme. Edinburgh requires a foundation year for Secondary School Leaving Diploma holders but does not publish a Montenegrin grade threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with the more selective universities at 6.5 and sometimes 7.0 for essay-based subjects. Montenegrin school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sector is split. St Andrews and Bristol accept the Matura for year one at grades of 4 to 5; Edinburgh says Secondary School Leaving Diploma holders are usually required to complete a foundation year; Coventry requires the Gimnazija plus a foundation programme. No UK university found publishes a grade-by-grade A level conversion for the Matura, so no table is given. St Andrews' pairing of a 4.0 average with an A level range of AAB to A*A*A is the closest thing to a ladder available, and it is a single institution's requirement, not a sector conversion.

Checked against

• University of St Andrews
• University of Bristol
• University of Edinburgh
• Coventry University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Sometimes direct

State Matura and Secondary School Leaving Diploma

Also seen as: Secondary School Leaving Diploma (Gimnazija) · Diploma of Completed Higher Education · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Macedonian State Matura is accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree by a fair number of universities, but not by all of them, and the grade asked for varies a lot. Nottingham Trent wants 4 out of 5, Coventry 3.5 out of 5 or 8 out of 10, and Suffolk 3 out of 5, while Edinburgh and St Andrews will not take it at all and expect A levels, the IB or a foundation year. Which university you apply to matters more here than your grade does.

How to avoid the foundation year

Applying to a university that accepts the Matura directly is the whole trick. Nottingham Trent publishes 4 out of 5 for entry to undergraduate year one, Coventry 3.5 out of 5 or 8 out of 10, and Suffolk 3 out of 5. Bristol will consider the Secondary School Leaving Diploma where you have grade 5 in most subjects and certainly in the subjects your course requires at A level. A completed Diploma of Completed Higher Education with a good grade can take you into year two or three at Nottingham Trent. A levels or the IB are accepted everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Secondary School Leaving Diploma or State Matura. Nottingham Trent publishes 2 out of 5 for entry to a foundation year or International Year One, which is a low bar. The more selective universities that require a foundation year, such as Edinburgh, do not publish a Macedonian threshold and assess transcripts individually. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 6.5 more common at the selective universities. Macedonian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, and no UK source checked publishes an exemption for North Macedonia.

Worth knowing

This is a genuinely split sector and the split is wide. Nottingham Trent, Coventry, Suffolk and Bristol all accept the Matura or the leaving diploma for year one at grades between 3 and 5 out of 5; Edinburgh states that Matura holders are usually required to complete a foundation year, and St Andrews lists only A levels, the IB and SQA Highers. No UK university found publishes a proper A level conversion ladder for the Matura, so no table is given here; the closest is Bristol's guidance that it expects grade 5 in the majority of subjects. Note also that older Bristol guidance refers to a pre-1980 Matura, which is a historical qualification and not what a student leaving school today will hold.

Checked against

• Nottingham Trent University
• Coventry University
• University of Suffolk
• University of Bristol
• University of Edinburgh
• University of St Andrews

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Sometimes direct

Senegalese Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Diplome de Bachelier de l'Enseignement Secondaire · Baccalaureat Technique · Baccalaureat Professionnel · Brevet de Technicien Superieur (BTS) · Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales (DEUG)

The Senegalese Baccalaureat sits on the borderline. Some UK universities will take it straight into year one if the mark is high enough, Portsmouth naming 12.5 out of 20 for the Baccalaureat General, while others treat it as foundation level and want either an international foundation year or a first university qualification such as the DEUG. Aim for a mention of Bien or Tres Bien if you want the direct route to be realistic, and apply to a spread of universities because their positions differ.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Baccalaureat General at 12.5 out of 20 or better is enough for year one at Portsmouth, which also takes the option internationale at 11.5 out of 20. Kent will consider the Baccalaureat with subject requirements expressed as mentions. A DEUG, DUEL or DUES at grade C or better is accepted for year one by Manchester Metropolitan and by the University of Bolton, and a BTS is accepted at Portsmouth. Portsmouth also says it is happy to consider strong and mature applicants for direct entry case by case.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK and Solent both ask for the Baccalaureat at an overall average of 10 out of 20, with 10 or more in maths and English where studied. Leeds asks for an average of 14, and UCL's preparatory certificate for 14 overall with 16 in each required subject, so the bar rises sharply with the selectivity of the university. Bolton will take the Baccalaureat Technique, the Brevet de Technicien or the BEP at grade C for foundation entry. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no section below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, and 5.0 for foundation entry. Senegalese school English is not accepted in place of a test. Portsmouth accepts iGCSE and O level English as well as Pearson, TOEFL and Duolingo, and pre-sessional English courses are widely available if you fall a little short.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree, and the disagreement is wide. Portsmouth publishes a direct entry threshold of 12.5 out of 20 and Kent maps Baccalaureat mentions onto A level subject grades, so both accept the certificate for year one. Manchester Metropolitan and Bolton list only university level French qualifications for year one and route the Baccalaureat itself to a foundation year, and Strathclyde says only the IB, A levels or CAPE will be considered. The table above comes from Kent alone and is not a sector view; no other UK university checked publishes a Senegal conversion. One further caution: BCU International College and ARU College both describe Senegalese entry in terms of WAEC and SSCE grades, which belong to anglophone West Africa and not to Senegal, so those rows appear to be errors on their pages and have not been used here.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Portsmouth
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Bolton (University of Greater Manchester)
• University of Strathclyde
• University College London
• Solent University
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Sometimes direct

Turkish High School Diploma

Also seen as: Anadolu Lisesi and Fen Lisesi diplomas · YKS university entrance examination · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Turkish high school diploma is accepted for direct entry to year one by a good number of UK universities, but usually only from approved schools and at high overall averages. Applicants from other schools, or with lower averages, are directed to an international foundation year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Turkey has one of the best sets of alternatives. Kent accepts the Lise Diploması at 75 per cent or 4.0 out of 5 from a highly ranked school for direct entry to year one, and an Önlisans, the two-year associate degree, at a final GPA of 3.0 out of 4.0 for year one, with year two considered case by case for very strong candidates. Loughborough accepts an Anadolu Lisesi or Fen Lisesi diploma above 80 per cent for direct entry. The diploma at 60 per cent is enough for an International Year One, which starts at year two. Cambridge International A levels or the IB give direct entry. The YKS national entrance examination is not normally part of a UK offer and should not be assumed to substitute for the diploma average.

Getting onto a foundation year

Lise Diploması. Foundation entry is 50 per cent overall with 50 per cent in the relevant subjects at two pathway providers, and simple completion of the diploma at an international college. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, and academic IELTS is normally required outright. The Lise Diplomasi English component is not accepted in place of IELTS.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree materially on the percentages. The conservative mapping above comes from a selective university that uses a cumulative average across four years of study and restricts direct entry to approved schools, with subject-specific grades taken from year 12. Another university publishes a markedly lower ladder on a final-year basis, with 85 per cent for A*AA, 80 per cent for AAA, 75 per cent for AAB, 70 per cent for ABB and BBB, and 55 per cent for CCC. A third sets direct entry for Anadolu Lisesi and Fen Lisesi diplomas in a 74 to 90 per cent band. Applicants should therefore treat the percentage needed as institution-specific and check the individual university rather than relying on a single ladder. YKS is the Turkish national university entrance examination and is required for admission to Turkish universities; none of the UK sources checked states a YKS score requirement for UK entry, and it is generally not part of a UK offer, so a strong YKS result should not be assumed to substitute for the diploma average.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Surrey
• University of Southampton
• University of Bristol
• University of Kent
• Loughborough University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

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Sometimes direct

High School Diploma

Also seen as: Advanced Placement (AP) examinations · SAT / ACT · International Baccalaureate Diploma · Honors and dual-enrolment/college-level classes · Associate Degree · GED

The High School Diploma on its own is not normally treated as a Level 3 school-leaving qualification in the UK, so it rarely secures a place in the first year of a degree by itself. The usual pattern is the diploma with a cumulative GPA of about 3.0-3.2 plus three Advanced Placement examinations, and any subject the course requires has to be one of those APs. An International Baccalaureate Diploma is accepted in its own right and needs nothing added to it.

How to avoid the foundation year

Very few US applicants need a foundation year. The standard route is the diploma with a cumulative GPA of about 3.0 to 3.2 plus three Advanced Placement examinations, with any subject the course requires taken as one of them; Loughborough asks 3.2 plus a combination of APs, IB Higher Levels, college-level credit or Honors classes. At the lower-tariff end a GPA of 3.0 with two APs at grade 3, or SAT 1160, or ACT 25, is enough. Two APs at grade 3, SAT 500 in two areas or ACT 24 gets an International Year One, which starts at year two. A completed year at a community college or four-year university at a GPA of about 3.2, or a full Associate Degree at GPA 3.0 to 3.2, gives direct entry to year one. An IB Diploma needs nothing added. Note that AP Calculus BC rather than AB is normally what satisfies an A level mathematics requirement, and that several universities count only APs sat in the past two or three years.

Getting onto a foundation year

High School Diploma. Foundation entry is a GPA of 2.0 out of 4.0, 70 per cent or grade C- overall at one pathway provider, a grade 12 GPA of 2.50 or a grade 11 GPA of 2.75 at another, and simple completion of the diploma at an international college; a GED at 600 overall is also accepted. A selective preparatory certificate asks a cumulative GPA of 3.4 out of 4.0. English is normally satisfied by the diploma itself.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Sitting one or two further APs at home is almost always cheaper than a UK foundation year. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

The United States is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold US nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. Universities generally take Grade 11 or Grade 12 English from the diploma at C or about 70 per cent, or AP English at 3 or above, as evidence in place of a test.

Worth knowing

How many APs and at what score varies widely by selectivity, and this is the main thing to check before applying. At the top of the range five APs at 5, or four at 5 with SAT 1440 or ACT 32, is asked for. In the middle three APs at 5, 5, 5 maps to an A*AA or AAA offer, 5, 5, 4 to AAB and 5, 4, 4 to ABB. At the lower-tariff end a GPA of 3.0 with two APs at 3 or above, or SAT 1160, or ACT 25, is enough. Read at the level of the single AP score, one university publishes 5 as A*/A, 4 as B and 3 as C. Honors classes, dual-enrolment or college-level courses and (at some universities) SAT Subject Tests taken before they were discontinued in 2021 can stand in for one or more APs, and a composite ACT of 28 or SAT of 1350 can replace one subject test. Several universities will only count APs sat within the two or three years before entry. Where A level Mathematics is required, AP Calculus BC rather than Calculus AB is normally the one that counts. A completed year at a community college or four-year university with a GPA around 3.2, or a full Associate Degree at about GPA 3.0-3.2, is an alternative route into the first year. APs carry no UCAS Tariff points because the Tariff only covers qualifications regulated in the UK.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Birmingham
• University of Leeds
• University College London
• University of Kent
• University of St Andrews
• UCAS
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University College London
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Afghan Baccalauria

Also seen as: Shahadat-ul-Baccaloria · Grade 12 Graduation Certificate · Technical or vocational Grade 14 diploma from a Technicum

The Afghan Baccalauria is treated as below A level standard, so on its own it does not open the first year of a UK bachelor degree. The normal route is an international foundation year, A levels or the International Baccalaureate first. Before anything else, please read the visa point below, because since 26 March 2026 it decides whether an application is possible at all.

How to avoid the foundation year

There is no widely published shortcut. A levels or the IB taken in Afghanistan or a third country are read exactly as UK qualifications and give direct entry. A Grade 14 technical diploma from a Technicum at 65 per cent overall is accepted for undergraduate entry by at least one university, and completed years of an Afghan university degree are considered case by case, but no source checked publishes a general rule.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalauria with an average of about 50 per cent across all subjects, and 50 per cent or better in mathematics and English where those were studied, is the published foundation entry standard at a large pathway consortium. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5, against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry. Afghan school English is not accepted in place of a test.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.0 to 5.5 for a foundation year. Afghan school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The single most important fact is not academic. Under the UK visa brake announced in March 2026, student visa applications made from outside the UK by nationals of Afghanistan, Cameroon, Myanmar and Sudan on or after 26 March 2026 are refused, and the government will review the measure after eighteen months. Applicants already lawfully in the UK, and those switching or extending inside the UK, are not caught by it. Several universities have gone further and closed applications from Afghanistan altogether for the time being. On the academic question the sources agree: no UK university checked accepts the Baccalauria on its own for year one. Where they differ is only on what they will look at instead, which ranges from nothing at all to technical diplomas and part-completed degrees.

Checked against

• University of York
• University of Bradford
• University of Lincoln
• University of Westminster
• University of Exeter
• Liverpool John Moores University
• University of Edinburgh Student Immigration Service
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Algerian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Two-year diploma or associate degree · First year of an Algerian bachelor degree · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Algerian Baccalaureat is recognised but is not treated as equivalent to UK A levels, so an international foundation year is normally required before year one of a bachelor degree. A two-year diploma or one or more completed years of an Algerian university degree are accepted by some universities as an alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Baccalauréat at 12 out of 20 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; 14 out of 20 is asked for science and engineering. A two-year Algerian diploma, or one or more completed years of an Algerian bachelor degree, is accepted for entry to year one by some universities. Cambridge International A levels and the IB give direct entry. Because teaching at home is largely in Arabic and French, the English test rather than the grades is usually the binding constraint on all of these routes.

Getting onto a foundation year

Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement Secondaire, marked out of 20. Foundation entry is commonly an average of 10 out of 20 at a pathway provider, with 12 in the relevant subjects at one; a university-run international foundation year asks 15 out of 20 with 15 in two relevant subjects, and a selective preparatory certificate asks 14 overall with 16 in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.5 for direct degree entry, and the Baccalauréat English component is not generally accepted instead.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall is a common requirement, with some courses asking for more. The Algerian Baccalaureat English component is not generally accepted in place of IELTS; IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is accepted by some universities.

Worth knowing

Algerian Baccalaureat results are marked out of 20. Integrated science and engineering foundation years commonly ask for around 16 out of 20 overall including 16 in mathematics and physics, while general foundation programmes accept lower marks. Neither source checked publishes a mark-to-A-level conversion ladder for the Algerian award, so none is given. Teaching is largely in Arabic and French, which makes the English requirement the binding constraint for many applicants.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• Cardiff University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Leeds
• University College London
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Angolan secondary school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Ensino Geral Certificado de Habilitacoes · Curso Pre-Universitario · Habilitacoes Literarias

The Angolan school leaving certificate is generally treated as below A level standard, so the normal route into a UK bachelor degree is an international foundation year first. Two universities checked will take it straight into year one at 13 out of 20, so it is worth asking, but that is the exception rather than the sector position. One completed year of an Angolan university degree with a strong average is the other way in.

How to avoid the foundation year

Two routes are worth knowing. First, at least two UK universities publish a direct year-one threshold of 13 out of 20 in the pre-university certificate, one of them also asking for the entrance examination to have been sat. Second, one completed year of an Angolan university degree with a good grade point average is accepted for year one by several universities, and a Bacharel at 12 out of 20 is accepted for entry to year two at one. A National or Higher National Diploma in a relevant subject is also considered. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Five subjects at grade C or above in the Ensino Geral Certificado de Habilitacoes is the published foundation entry standard at one university's international college; an overall average of 10 out of 20 is the standard at a large pathway consortium, and grade 10 in the pre-university certificate at another university. Some foundation programmes ask only for the leaving certificate with five credit passes and IELTS 4.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities, and 4.5 to 5.5 for foundation entry. Angolan school English is not accepted in place of a test, so applicants from Portuguese-medium schools should plan to sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree on whether the certificate alone can reach year one. Four of the sources checked treat it as a foundation-level qualification, including two Russell Group universities and one large pathway list which says plainly that the high school qualification is not considered for entry. Two others publish a direct year-one threshold of 13 out of 20. On the balance of published positions the honest answer is that a foundation year is the normal route and 13 out of 20 is worth trying at a small number of universities. Be careful with one Russell Group page which quotes 17 to 18.5 for stage one entry: that figure refers to the Portuguese Certificado de fim de Estudos Secundarios, not the Angolan award. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion ladder for Angola.

Checked against

• University of Portsmouth
• Queen's University Belfast
• Queen Mary University of London
• London South Bank University
• Ravensbourne University London
• University of Bristol
• Coventry University
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bachelor's Certificate (upper secondary)

Also seen as: Titulo de Bachiller Especializado · First year of a Licenciatura · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Titulo de Bachiller on its own is not normally accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree. The two established routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year of an Argentine Licenciatura, for which a mark of about 8 out of 10 is expected. A levels or the International Baccalaureate Diploma taken at an international school in Argentina are accepted in their own right.

How to avoid the foundation year

Kent accepts the completed first year of a recognised Argentine degree at grade 6, Bueno, or above for entry to year one, and a Título de Técnico Superior or Tecnicatura at grade 8, Distinguido, for the same. Bristol accepts the completed first year of a Licenciatura at 8 out of 10 or higher. Between them these are the two routes that actually work: a completed year of university at home, or a technical higher qualification. A levels or the IB taken at an international school in Argentina give direct entry. No UK source found publishes a grade-by-grade conversion from the Bachiller itself, so it should not be assumed sufficient.

Getting onto a foundation year

Título de Bachiller. No provider checked publishes an Argentina-specific foundation threshold; Argentina is grouped under a generic South American requirement of satisfactory completion of the Bachillerato at one international college, and transcripts are otherwise assessed individually. Kent does publish a foundation route: a Título de Técnico Superior or Tecnicatura at grade 5, Aprobado. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall with a minimum of 6.0 in each component is a common undergraduate requirement, and some universities set 6.0 overall. The English component of the Bachiller is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

One selective university states directly that the Titulo de Bachiller is not accepted and that A levels, the IB Diploma or a UK-based foundation programme are needed. Another publishes the first year of a Licenciatura at 8 out of 10 or higher as a route into year one. No UK source found publishes a grade-by-grade conversion from the Bachiller to A levels, so none is given here.

Checked against

• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Bristol
• University of Kent
• University of Bristol
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of complete secondary general education (Attestat)

Also seen as: Araratian Baccalaureate · Attestat

The ordinary Armenian Attestat is not accepted on its own for the first year of a UK bachelor degree and normally needs an international foundation year first. The newer Araratian Baccalaureate is a different matter: two selective Scottish universities accept it for direct entry, so a student who has the choice at school should seriously consider taking it. One completed year of an Armenian university degree is the other common way in.

How to avoid the foundation year

Sit the Araratian Baccalaureate rather than the plain Attestat where the school offers it. One ancient Scottish university accepts it at 18 or grade A in three subjects at extended level, though not for Medicine, and another accepts ABB at extended level as its published minimum while warning that popular degrees need far more. A levels or the IB give direct entry anywhere. One modern university publishes a direct-entry threshold for the Attestat itself, but it is an outlier and the figure it quotes looks like a scale error, so do not rely on it.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Attestat with an overall average of about 8 out of 20 is the published foundation entry standard at a large pathway consortium; another large university asks for the Attestat with a 'good' average plus a foundation programme. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Armenian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Sources agree that the Attestat alone is not enough. One university states explicitly that it does not accept the Attestat, and a London institution lists Armenia as a country whose certificate of completed secondary education cannot be used as an entry qualification. Two large universities require a foundation programme on top of it. The one dissenting page, from a modern university, accepts the Attestat at 'a minimum average of 7.5/20'; the Armenian Attestat is marked out of 10, not 20, so that figure appears to come from a generic template and should be checked directly with that university before anyone relies on it. The table above covers only the Araratian Baccalaureate, because that is the sole Armenian qualification for which UK universities publish an A level equivalence, and it rests on two sources rather than a sector-wide view.

Checked against

• University of Edinburgh, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
• University of St Andrews
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• London School of Economics and Political Science
• University of Central Lancashire
• University of Bristol
• Coventry University
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of complete secondary education

Also seen as: Attestat · High School Diploma · Azerbaijan Certificate of Secondary Education

The Azerbaijani Attestat is treated as below A level standard, so it does not on its own admit you to year one of a UK bachelor degree. The two normal routes are an international foundation year, or one completed year of an Azerbaijani university degree with a good average, which several universities accept for direct entry to year one. A levels and the IB, where taken locally, are read exactly as they would be in the UK.

How to avoid the foundation year

One completed year of a bachelor degree at a recognised Azerbaijani university is the clearest published alternative. One Russell Group university accepts it at an average of at least 70 per cent or 4 out of 5; another accepts a completed first year for direct entry to a bachelor programme, and a third will consider one year of a relevant four-year degree with strong grades in the key subjects. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Attestat at 4.0 out of 5.0 is the published foundation threshold at one Russell Group university, and a High School Diploma at 80 per cent or higher at another, rising to 80 per cent in mathematics and physics for science and engineering routes. A modern university sets a grade 4 average for an integrated four-year foundation and a grade 3 average for an international foundation diploma, and a pathway consortium asks only for grades of 3 or better in all subjects. English for foundation entry is IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall is the common undergraduate requirement and 6.5 at more selective universities, with individual departments asking more. Azerbaijani school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sources are unusually consistent: every UK university checked treats the Attestat as needing either a foundation year or a year of Azerbaijani university study before year one. Where they differ is on the grade that buys the foundation place, and the spread is wide, from grades of 3 or better in all subjects at one pathway provider up to 80 per cent overall at a Russell Group university. Note that two different scales are in circulation for the same certificate, a 5-point scale and a percentage, and UK pages switch between them without warning. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion ladder for Azerbaijan, so no table is given.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• Cardiff University
• Oxford Brookes University
• Coventry University
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bahamas General Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) · Associate Degree (University of The Bahamas) · Cambridge International A Level · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The BGCSE sits at GCSE level rather than A level, so on its own it does not meet the standard for entry to the first year of a UK degree and a one-year international foundation programme is the usual next step. Applicants who go on to CAPE, A levels or the International Baccalaureate Diploma are assessed on those instead, and a completed Associate Degree from a recognised Bahamian institution is widely accepted for direct entry to year one.

How to avoid the foundation year

An Associate of Arts, Associate of Science or Associate of Applied Science, or the completed first year of a University of The Bahamas bachelor degree, is accepted for entry to year one at Ulster, and the associate degree route is the most concrete alternative to a foundation year. An international college takes 48 UCAS tariff points for business subjects and 72 for science and engineering, which CAPE units or A levels can supply. CAPE, Cambridge International A levels or the IB give direct entry, with CAPE grade I read as an A level A and grade II as a B. No UK source found publishes a conversion from the BGCSE itself to A level grades and none should be inferred.

Getting onto a foundation year

BGCSE. Foundation entry is five BGCSE passes at A* to E with at least three at grade C or above at an international college; Ulster accepts the BGCSE for its foundation course, and one university accepts CAPE at grade V or better across six units for entry to a foundation year. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0; for direct degree entry Ulster asks IELTS 6.0 with no band below 5.5 but will accept CSEC English at grade 3 or above from Bahamian nationals, which removes the test for many applicants.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

The Bahamas is on the Home Office list of majority English-speaking countries, so applicants who hold Bahamian nationality are not usually asked for IELTS. BGCSE English at grades A to C is commonly accepted as the English requirement; where a test is asked for, IELTS 6.0 overall with 5.5 in each component is typical.

Worth knowing

The Associate Degree route is the most concrete alternative to a foundation year. Published thresholds vary: one university asks for a grade profile of B+ to A for direct entry to year one, another sets sliding UCAS-point equivalences at GPA 3.5, 3.0 and 2.5. Where CAPE is taken in the Bahamas it is read on the same scale as elsewhere in the Caribbean, with grade I equivalent to an A level A and grade II to a B; one university accepts CAPE at grade V or better across six units for entry to a foundation year. No UK source found publishes a conversion from the BGCSE itself to A level grades, and none should be inferred.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Liverpool (UKVI list)
• Ulster University
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Higher Secondary Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge or Edexcel A levels taken in Bangladesh · First two years of a Bangladeshi bachelor's degree

The Higher Secondary Certificate is not accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised one-year international foundation programme is the normal route. British A levels or the IB taken in Bangladesh give direct entry in the usual way.

How to avoid the foundation year

The HSC at GPA 3.75 overall with 3.5 in the relevant subjects, plus one further year of study, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; an international college takes GPA 2.5 for business and 3.0 for science and engineering. Two or more completed years of a bachelor degree at a recognised Bangladeshi institution give direct entry to year one at some universities. Cambridge or Edexcel A levels and the IB taken in Bangladesh give direct entry in the ordinary way.

Getting onto a foundation year

Higher Secondary Certificate, reported as a GPA out of 5.00. Foundation entry is GPA 3.0 at one pathway provider, GPA 3.5 overall with 3.25 in the relevant subjects at another, and GPA 2.0 or grade C at an international college; university-run integrated foundation years in science and engineering ask about 80 per cent with 80 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. HSC English is not generally accepted in place of a recognised test, and a medium-of-instruction letter is not accepted as evidence.

Worth knowing

HSC results are reported as a GPA out of 5.00. Foundation entry is commonly set at around 65% for a partner-college pathway, rising to 80% overall with 80% in mathematics and physics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. Completing two or more years of a bachelor's degree at a recognised Bangladeshi institution can give direct entry to year one at some universities.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of general secondary education

Also seen as: Attestat · Certificate of Secondary Education (grade 11)

The Belarusian certificate of general secondary education is not treated as equivalent to A levels and does not give direct entry to the first year of a UK degree. An international foundation year is the normal route, and one completed year of a Belarusian university degree in relevant subjects is accepted as an alternative by some universities. Belarusian English qualifications are explicitly not accepted in place of IELTS.

How to avoid the foundation year

One year of completed university study in Belarus in relevant subjects is considered for year one on a case-by-case basis at one Russell Group university, and is the only alternative any source checked publishes. A levels, the IB, SAT with Advanced Placement or another recognised international system give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The certificate at an average of 4 out of 5, or 'good', plus a foundation programme is one large university's published standard; a pathway consortium asks only for grades of 3 out of 10 or better in all subjects, which is a very wide gap. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall is the common undergraduate requirement and 6.5 at more selective universities. One university states plainly that it will not accept a Belarusian English language qualification as meeting its minimum English requirement, so plan on sitting IELTS or an equivalent.

Worth knowing

All four university sources checked take the same position, that the school certificate needs a foundation year on top of it, so this is a settled sector view rather than one institution's caution. The disagreement is only about the foundation entry grade, where the published figures range from 3 out of 10 in all subjects at a pathway consortium to an average of 4 out of 5 at a large modern university. Be aware that Belarus uses a 10-point school scale while several UK pages quote a 5-point scale, so check which one a university means before assuming you meet it. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion ladder for Belarus.

Checked against

• University of Edinburgh
• University of Brighton
• Queen's University Belfast
• Coventry University
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Beninese Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Baccalaureat Technique · Diplome de Bachelier de l'Enseignement du Second Degre · Brevet de Technicien Superieur

The Beninese Baccalaureat is treated as below A level standard, so on its own it does not admit you to the first year of a UK bachelor degree. An international foundation year is the normal route, after which you start the degree proper. A Brevet or Diplome de Technicien Superieur at 14 out of 20 is accepted for year one by at least one university, which is the main published shortcut.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Brevet de Technicien Superieur or Diplome de Technicien Superieur at 14 out of 20 is accepted for first-year entry by one university. Completed years of a Beninese university degree are considered case by case elsewhere but no general rule is published. The French Baccalaureat, where it has been sat at a French-system school in Benin, is a different award and is accepted for direct entry in its own right, as are A levels and the IB.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalaureat with 10 or above in five subjects, over thirteen years of schooling, is the published foundation entry standard at one university; an overall average of 10 out of 20 or more, with 10 or better in mathematics and English where studied, is the standard at a large pathway consortium. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Beninese school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, so applicants from French-medium schools should plan to sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

The three university sources checked agree that the Baccalaureat needs a foundation programme on top of it: one Russell Group university asks for the Baccalaureat 'with good grades, plus a recognised Foundation programme', another says plainly that students from Benin normally need its own international foundation programme first, and a third publishes a foundation entry grade rather than a direct-entry one. Detail beyond that is thin, and two of the country pages found simply invite applicants to email admissions with their transcript. No UK university checked publishes an A level to Baccalaureat conversion table for Benin, so none is given here.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Warwick
• Ulster University
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bhutan Higher Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) · Royal Bhutan Polytechnic Certificate · Bhutan Certificate of Secondary Education (Class X)

The Bhutan Higher Secondary Education Certificate is not accepted on its own for the first year of a UK bachelor degree. One Russell Group university states flatly that students taking the Higher Secondary Certificate are not eligible for direct entry to its undergraduate programmes. An international foundation year is the standard route, and it is a real year of study rather than a formality.

How to avoid the foundation year

The published options are narrow. A certificate, diploma or bachelor degree at 50 per cent is accepted for undergraduate entry by one university, and a Royal Bhutan Polytechnic certificate at 60 per cent by another, which is the clearest single alternative to a foundation year. One ancient Scottish university offers an internal admissions test for science and engineering applicants, but warns that exceptional subject grades and an outstanding test performance are both needed and that places are very limited. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Higher Secondary Education Certificate at 80 per cent is the published foundation entry standard at one university, while a large pathway consortium asks only for grades of 5 or better in all subjects. That is a very wide gap, so it pays to check the specific provider. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. English is a medium of instruction in Bhutanese schools and some universities will consider Class XII English in place of a test, but this is decided case by case and should never be assumed.

Worth knowing

The sources agree on the outcome and are unusually blunt about it. Where they differ is on the foundation entry grade, which runs from grades of 5 in all subjects at a pathway consortium up to 80 per cent at a modern university, and on what post-school qualifications will be looked at instead. No UK university checked publishes an A level to HSSC conversion table for Bhutan. Bhutanese applicants are often grouped with Nepal and the Maldives on UK country pages, so a page that seems to say nothing about Bhutan may be filed under South Asia.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Edinburgh
• Northumbria University
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bolivian school leaving diploma

Also seen as: Diploma de Bachiller · Diploma de Tecnico Basico · Tecnico Superior

The Bolivian Bachiller is treated as below A level standard, so it does not on its own open the first year of a UK bachelor degree. An international foundation year is the normal route. The main alternative, and it is a good one, is one completed year of a Bolivian university degree, which several universities accept for direct entry to year one.

How to avoid the foundation year

One completed year of a Bolivian Licenciatura is accepted for year one by several universities, one Russell Group institution asking for 60 to 70 per cent in relevant subjects. A Tecnico Superior or Tecnico Universitario at 64 per cent is accepted for year one at another. A levels, the IB or three Advanced Placement examinations give direct entry. There is no route that skips the extra year entirely if you have only the Bachiller.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Bachiller with an average of 51 per cent or more, and 51 per cent or better in mathematics and English where studied, is the published foundation entry standard at a large pathway consortium. Other universities simply ask for the completed Bachiller with good grades. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 6.5 common at Russell Group universities. Bolivian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Six UK sources were checked and all take the same view, that the Bachiller alone is not enough for year one; one large university list says outright that the high school qualification is not considered for entry. There is therefore no meaningful disagreement to report on the route, only on the fallbacks, which range from one year of a Licenciatura at 60 to 70 per cent, to a Tecnico Superior at 64 per cent, to nothing at all beyond a foundation programme. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion ladder for Bolivia, so no table is given here.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• Cardiff University
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of York
• Ravensbourne University London
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · University of Botswana diploma · First two years of a Botswana bachelor degree

The BGCSE is comparable to UK GCSE, so it does not admit an applicant to year one of a UK bachelor degree and an international foundation year is the usual route. Cambridge International A levels, which a growing number of Botswana students take at private schools, are accepted for direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

A certificate at AS level standard awarded by the University of Botswana or accredited by the Botswana Qualifications Authority, at GPA 2.0, is enough for an International Year One in business subjects; a diploma or higher diploma at second class with GPA 2.8 does the same for science and engineering, and both start at year two of the degree. A good Higher National Diploma is accepted for advanced entry at Portsmouth. Some universities accept a University of Botswana diploma or the first two years of a Botswana degree at 70 per cent or grade B for entry to year one. Cambridge International A levels, increasingly taken at private schools in Botswana, give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

BGCSE. Foundation entry at an international college is five BGCSE or IGCSE passes at A* to E with at least three at grade C or above; a university-run international foundation year commonly asks around five subjects at grade B, including mathematics and physics for science and engineering. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and BGCSE English at grade C is accepted in place of IELTS by several universities.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. BGCSE English Language at grade C is accepted in place of IELTS by many universities, though some courses ask for a higher grade.

Worth knowing

Cambridge International A level does not appear on the UCAS tariff but is accepted by UK universities as equivalent to a UK A level, and Botswana applicants holding it are considered for direct entry in the same way as UK A level candidates. BGCSE foundation thresholds are commonly around five subjects at grade B, including mathematics and physics for science and engineering routes. One source states simply that no Botswana school leaving qualification is accepted, which amounts to the same practical outcome. Some universities will also consider a University of Botswana diploma or the first two years of a Botswana degree at 70 per cent or grade B for direct entry.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey
• University of Bristol
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Portsmouth
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Burkinabe Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Baccalaureat Technique · Diplome Universitaire de Technologie · Brevet de Technicien Superieur

The Burkinabe Baccalaureat is treated as below A level standard and is not accepted on its own for the first year of a UK bachelor degree. One Russell Group university states directly that the high school qualification is not considered for entry and that a completed international foundation programme is required instead. Post-school diplomas such as the Diplome Universitaire de Technologie or a Brevet de Technicien Superieur are the main alternative and are accepted for undergraduate entry by some universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

Post-school diplomas are the practical shortcut. One large university accepts the Diplome Universitaire d'Etudes Litteraires or Scientifiques, the Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales, the Diplome Universitaire de Technologie or a Technicien Superieur for undergraduate entry, and a completed Licence for entry at year two or three. The French Baccalaureat, where it has been sat at a French-system school, is a different award and is accepted for direct entry in its own right, as are A levels and the IB.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalaureat or Diplome de Bachelier de l'Enseignement du Second Degre is what foundation programmes ask for, and one large university lists it as its foundation entry qualification without publishing a grade. Another asks applicants to send certificates and transcripts to admissions for assessment because no tariff equivalence is published. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Burkinabe school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, so applicants from French-medium schools should plan to sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

This is a thin country in UK published terms and the record reflects that honestly. Four UK sources were found, of which one is explicit that the school leaving qualification is not considered, one lists the Baccalaureat only as a foundation entry qualification, one declines to publish a tariff equivalence and asks applicants to contact admissions, and one large university list simply records the requirement as 'tbc'. None publishes an A level conversion, a direct-entry grade, or a foundation entry grade, so no table is given and no threshold is invented here. Anyone applying from Burkina Faso should expect to email admissions offices directly with their releve de notes rather than rely on published tables.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Burundian secondary school leaving diploma

Also seen as: Diplome d'Etat · Baccalaureat

The Burundian school leaving diploma is treated as below A level standard and does not on its own admit you to the first year of a UK bachelor degree. An international foundation year is the normal route. One completed year of a Burundian university degree, or a post-school Candidature or Diplome d'Etudes Superieures at around 60 per cent, is accepted for first-year entry by some universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Candidature or Diplome d'Etudes Superieures at 60 per cent is accepted for first-year entry at one university, which is the clearest published alternative. Completion of the first year of a bachelor degree at a recognised institution is accepted at another, as is an Advanced Diploma of the twelve-plus-three type. A levels or the IB give direct entry, and where a student has sat the French Baccalaureat it is treated as the French award and accepted at 12.5 out of 20, or 11.5 for the option internationale.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Diplome d'Etat or Diplome des Humanites Completes is what foundation programmes ask for, and one university names it as its foundation entry qualification without publishing a grade. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Some universities accept IGCSE or O Level English, Pearson, TOEFL or Duolingo as alternatives. Burundian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Four UK sources were found and they agree that a foundation year or post-school study is needed. What none of them publishes is a grade for the school certificate itself, either for direct entry or for foundation entry, so no threshold is given here rather than inventing one. One university's Burundi page appears to have been built from an East African template, since it refers to institutions approved by Ethiopia's higher education agency; treat the surrounding detail on that page with care and confirm it directly. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion table for Burundi.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• University of Portsmouth
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Cambodian upper secondary school certificate

Also seen as: Diploma of Upper Secondary Education · Upper Secondary Vocational Diploma · Associate Degree

The Cambodian upper secondary certificate, often called Bacc II, is treated as below A level standard and does not on its own admit you to the first year of a UK bachelor degree. An international foundation year is the normal route. One completed year of a Cambodian bachelor degree, or a completed associate degree, is accepted for entry to year one by several universities and is the fastest way round the extra year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Two published routes avoid the foundation year. First, a completed associate degree in relevant subjects with good grades is accepted for undergraduate entry at one university, and at 65 per cent for first-year entry at another. Second, a passed first year of a Cambodian bachelor degree is accepted for undergraduate entry at another university. Cambridge A levels or the IB sat in Cambodia give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Diploma of Upper Secondary Education or an Upper Secondary Vocational Diploma with a pass is what most foundation programmes ask for; a pathway consortium sets an average of 45 per cent, grade D, with 45 per cent or better in mathematics and English where studied. English for foundation entry can be as low as IELTS 4.5 overall with nothing below 4.5 at one university, and is usually 5.0 to 5.5 elsewhere.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no skill below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Cambodian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Seven UK sources were checked and all agree that the school certificate needs a foundation year or a year of Cambodian university study first; one large list states plainly that the high school qualification is not considered for entry. The only real spread is in the foundation entry bar, from 45 per cent at a pathway consortium to a straightforward pass elsewhere, and in the English floor, which runs from IELTS 4.5 to 5.5. One university's page distinguishes a Year 11 upper secondary diploma, which needs a full foundation year, from a Year 12 diploma, which enters that college's foundation at a later stage, so make clear which you hold. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion table for Cambodia.

Checked against

• University of St Andrews
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Portsmouth
• Leeds Beckett University
• University of Warwick
• Coventry University
• University of Derby
• NCUK
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Central African Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales · Diplome d'Etat de Technicien Superieur

The Central African Baccalaureat is treated as below A level standard and is not accepted on its own for the first year of a UK bachelor degree. One Russell Group university states directly that the high school qualification is not considered for entry and that a completed international foundation programme is needed instead. Post-school diplomas such as the Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales are the main alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

Post-school study is the only published route round the foundation year. One large university accepts the Diplome d'Etat de Technicien Superieur, the Diplome d'Etudes Economiques Generales, the Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales or a Diplome Universitaire d'Etudes Juridiques, Litteraires or Scientifiques for undergraduate entry, and another accepts a Diplome d'Etudes Universitaires Generales or a Licence at 12 out of 20 for first-year entry. A levels, the IB or the French Baccalaureat give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalaureat is what foundation programmes ask for. One large university names it as the qualification for foundation study without publishing a grade, and another states that the Baccalaureat does not meet the tariff points needed for direct entry and so requires a foundation programme, again without a published grade. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Central African school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

This is a thin country in UK published terms and the record says so rather than filling the gap with guesswork. Four UK sources were found. All four agree that the Baccalaureat needs a foundation programme or post-school study first, and none of them publishes a Baccalaureat grade for either direct entry or foundation entry. No A level conversion exists, so no table is given. Applicants should expect to send certificates and transcripts to admissions offices for individual assessment rather than matching themselves to a published table.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Chadian Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Diplome Universitaire de Lettres Modernes · Brevet de Technicien Superieur

The Chadian Baccalaureat is generally treated as below A level standard, so an international foundation year is the normal route into the first year of a UK bachelor degree. One modern university does accept the Baccalaureat for undergraduate entry, so it is worth asking, but that is the exception. Post-school diplomas such as the Brevet de Technicien Superieur or a Diplome Universitaire are accepted for year one at around 14 out of 20.

How to avoid the foundation year

Two published routes exist. One modern university accepts the Baccalaureat de l'Enseignement du Second Degre or a Diplome Universitaire de Lettres Modernes for undergraduate entry outright, subject to IELTS 6.0. Another accepts a Brevet de Technicien Superieur or a Diplome Universitaire de Lettres Modernes or Sciences at 14 for first-year entry. A levels, the IB or the French Baccalaureat give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalaureat is what foundation programmes ask for. One university states that Baccalaureat holders need a foundation programme and does not publish a grade, referring applicants to admissions with their certificates and transcripts. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.5 with 5.5 in all components at one university, and 5.0 to 5.5 elsewhere.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 or equivalent is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities, with 5.5 in all components a typical foundation floor. Chadian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, so applicants from French-medium schools should plan to sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree and the disagreement is worth knowing. One Russell Group university says the high school qualification is not considered for entry and requires a completed international foundation programme; another university says Baccalaureat holders need a foundation programme because the award does not meet its tariff requirement. Against that, one modern university lists the Baccalaureat straightforwardly among the qualifications it accepts for undergraduate study. On the balance of evidence a foundation year is the safe assumption and direct entry is worth a direct enquiry. No published grade for the Baccalaureat and no A level conversion table were found at any UK university, so neither is given here.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: PAES (Prueba de Acceso a la Educacion Superior) · First year of a Licenciatura · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Licencia de Educacion Media is not normally enough on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree. The standard routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year of a Chilean Licenciatura. Some universities will also consider the school certificate when it is taken with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects, with any required subject among them.

How to avoid the foundation year

London Metropolitan accepts the Licencia de Educación Media, the Licencia de Educación Media Técnico or a Técnico Medio at 5 to 7, Bueno or Muy Bueno, together with a university entrance test score of at least 450, for direct entry to year one; that is a genuine named exception and the cheapest route by a distance for anyone whose shortlist can include it. Elsewhere the reliable alternative is the completed first year of a Chilean Licenciatura; Aberdeen benchmarks a Licenciatura score of 5.0 against a UK lower second and requires a foundation year for the school certificate on its own. The school certificate with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects is accepted by some universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry. No UK source found publishes a PAES threshold, so a PAES score should not be assumed to carry weight.

Getting onto a foundation year

Licencia de Educación Media. Foundation entry is an average of 4.5 out of 7 with 5.0 in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider; Chile is otherwise grouped under a generic South American requirement at an international college. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall with a minimum of 6.0 in each component is a common undergraduate requirement, and some universities set 6.0 overall. The English component of the Licencia is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Foundation programmes generally ask for around 4.5 out of 7 overall with 5.0 in subjects relevant to the degree. No UK university source found gives a PAES score threshold, so no PAES conversion is published here; the PAES replaced the PSU from the 2022 admissions cycle and UK entry pages have generally not been rewritten around it. Sources are consistent that the school certificate alone is insufficient at selective universities.

Checked against

• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Bristol
• Nottingham Trent University
• University of Surrey International Study Centre
• London Metropolitan University
• University of Aberdeen
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Academic Bachelor's Certificate (upper secondary)

Also seen as: Saber 11 (ICFES state examination) · Bachiller Tecnico · First year of a Licenciatura or Titulo Profesional · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Bachiller is not normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree. The usual routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year of a Colombian Licenciatura or Titulo Profesional. A few universities will consider the Bachiller together with the Saber 11 state examination or with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Bachillerato at 75 per cent with the relevant subjects at 75 per cent is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked; an international college sets the same at 70 per cent for business and 80 per cent for science and engineering. The completed first year of a Colombian Licenciatura or Título Profesional is accepted for entry to year one at a number of universities. One university publishes direct year-one entry on the Bachiller or Bachiller Técnico together with a completed Saber 11 (ICFES) examination at a GPA of 3.5 out of 5 or 80 per cent, which is the only concrete Saber 11 threshold found on a UK entry page. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Bachiller or Bachiller Académico. Foundation entry is an average of 60 per cent with 65 per cent in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider, 70 per cent at another, and satisfactory completion at an international college; university-run routes generally ask an average of about 7 out of 10. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall with 5.5-6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of the Bachiller and the English section of Saber 11 are not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

One university publishes direct entry to year one on the Bachiller or Bachiller Tecnico together with a completed ICFES state examination at a GPA of 3.5 out of 5 or 80 per cent, which is the only concrete Saber 11 threshold found on a UK entry page. Most other universities require a foundation year or a completed first year of a Colombian degree, and that is the safer assumption. Foundation programmes generally ask for a Bachillerato average around 7 out of 10.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• Cardiff University
• Coventry University
• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Surrey International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Congolese Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Baccalaureat Technique · Brevet de Technicien Superieur

The Baccalaureat of the Republic of the Congo is generally treated as below A level standard, so an international foundation year is the normal route into the first year of a UK bachelor degree. One university does publish a direct first-year entry mark of 12 out of 20, so the door is not completely closed, but only three UK sources of any kind could be found for this country and two of them require a foundation programme.

How to avoid the foundation year

One university publishes first-year entry on the Baccalaureat at 12 out of 20, which is the only direct-entry threshold found for this country. Beyond that, A levels, the IB or the French Baccalaureat give direct entry, and completed years of a Congolese university degree are assessed individually. Expect to write to admissions offices with your releve de notes rather than to find a published rule.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Diplome de Bachelier de l'Enseignement du Second Degre is what foundation programmes ask for. One university names it as its foundation entry qualification without publishing a grade, and asks applicants whose qualification is not listed to send certificates and transcripts to admissions. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Congolese school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, so applicants from French-medium schools should plan to sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

Only three UK sources could be found for the Republic of the Congo after real effort, which is below the three-source standard this map aims at in substance if not in count, and that is stated here rather than hidden. They disagree: one Russell Group university list says the high school qualification is not considered for entry and requires a completed international foundation programme, one university requires a foundation programme for the Diplome de Bachelier, and one publishes first-year entry at 12 out of 20. A further complication is that several UK country pages do not distinguish the Republic of the Congo from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and a page headed simply 'Congo' may mean either, so confirm which country a university's page is describing before relying on it. No A level conversion table exists for this country.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Costa Rican school leaving certificate

Also seen as: Bachiller en Educacion Media · Diplomado · Tecnico Superior

The Costa Rican Bachillerato is treated as below A level standard, so on its own it does not admit you to the first year of a UK bachelor degree. The usual routes are an international foundation year, or the Bachillerato taken alongside three Advanced Placement examinations or three IB Higher Level subjects, which one Russell Group university accepts for direct entry. One completed year of a Costa Rican Licenciatura is the other well-published alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

Three published routes avoid the foundation year. First, the national curriculum plus three Advanced Placement examinations or three IB Higher Level subjects is accepted for direct entry to year one at one Russell Group university, with subject requirements met through those examinations. Second, a successfully completed first year of a Costa Rican Licenciado is accepted for year one at the same university and considered individually at another. Third, one modern university accepts the Bachillerato Diploma at 75 per cent or above for year one outright, and another accepts a Diplomado or Tecnico Superior at 7 out of 10. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The completed Bachillerato with good grades is what foundation programmes ask for; no UK source checked publishes a numerical foundation entry mark for Costa Rica. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need more English. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 6.5 common at Russell Group universities. Costa Rican school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree, and the range is wide enough to change where a student should apply. At the strict end, one Russell Group list states that the high school qualification is not considered for entry, one Russell Group university asks for the Bachillerato plus a recognised foundation programme, and one ancient Scottish university lists only a foundation programme, A levels or the IB. In the middle, another Russell Group university accepts the national curriculum with three APs or three IB Higher Levels. At the generous end, one modern university accepts the Bachillerato Diploma at 75 per cent for year one. On the balance of published positions the foundation year is the normal route and the AP or IB Higher Level combination is the most widely useful way round it. No UK university checked publishes an A level conversion ladder for Costa Rica.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Bristol
• University of St Andrews
• UWE Bristol
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bachelor's Certificate (pre-universitario)

Also seen as: Bachillerato · Título de Bachiller Tecnológico · Título de Técnico Medio · Título de Técnico from an Instituto Politécnico de la Salud · First year of a Cuban Licenciatura

The Título de Bachiller, taken at the end of pre-universitario, is treated by UK universities as below A level standard, so on its own it does not open the first year of a UK bachelor's degree. The normal route is a one year international foundation programme. The one Cuban school qualification that several universities will take straight into year one is the Título de Técnico awarded by an Instituto Politécnico de la Salud, so if you hold that, say so clearly on your application.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Título de Técnico from a Cuban Instituto Politécnico de la Salud is accepted for direct entry to year one by three of the universities checked: Ulster names it outright, Wolverhampton asks for a minimum of 4 or Muy Bien, and Derby lists it at grade 3. Ulster will also consider a Cuban Licenciado with at least one year completed. A levels, the IB Diploma at 30 to 36 points, or CAPE, if you have sat Caribbean examinations, all give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks for at least 80 per cent overall in the Título de Bachiller with 80 per cent in two subjects relevant to the intended degree. Derby and Ulster both set 70 per cent for their foundation routes. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall with 5.5 in each part, against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 for a foundation year. Queen's Belfast quotes 6.5 or TOEFL iBT 90. No UK source checked accepts Cuban school English in place of a recognised test, so plan on sitting IELTS or an equivalent.

Worth knowing

Sources agree on the main point. Warwick states plainly that the Cuban high school qualification is not considered for entry, and Bradford lists the Título de Bachiller as requiring a foundation programme. Where they differ is the foundation threshold: 70 per cent at Derby and Ulster against 80 per cent at Leeds, so the honest range is 70 to 80 per cent. Queen's Belfast lists CAPE on its Cuba page, which helps only the small number of Cuban applicants who have sat Caribbean examinations. No UK university found publishes a conversion from the Título de Bachiller to A level grades.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Ulster University
• University of Wolverhampton
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Ivorian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement Secondaire · Baccalauréat Technique · French Baccalauréat taken at a lycée in Abidjan · Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS) · Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT) · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG)

The Ivorian Baccalaureate is marked out of 20 and looks very like the French one, but most UK universities do not treat the two as the same thing. Portsmouth, Manchester Metropolitan, Bradford, Leeds and Ravensbourne all say the Ivorian certificate needs an international foundation year first. A minority, including Birmingham and Queen's Belfast, publish a mark of 12 out of 20 or better on their Côte d'Ivoire pages as enough for year one, so it is worth checking each university rather than assuming.

How to avoid the foundation year

A BTS or DUT at 14 out of 20 is accepted for entry to year one at Derby, and London Metropolitan accepts a range of Ivorian post-secondary diplomas, including the DUT, BTS and the DEUG family, at 12 to 15 out of 20. Greenwich will look at a Licence at 13 overall for entry further up a degree. If you sat the French Baccalauréat rather than the Ivorian one, Portsmouth accepts 12.5 out of 20 and Queen's Belfast 12 out of 20 (assez bien) for year one. Birmingham asks 12 to 15 out of 20 depending on the course, and 14 out of 20 with 14 in mathematics for its engineering and physical sciences pathway.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 14 out of 20 in the Diplôme de Bachelier de l'Enseignement du Second Degré with 14 out of 20 in two relevant subjects. Ravensbourne and Portsmouth simply require a recognised UK international foundation course. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no part below 5.5 is the common minimum, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Schooling in Côte d'Ivoire is in French and no UK source checked accepts a school English grade in place of a test, so you should budget time and money for IELTS or an equivalent Secure English Language Test.

Worth knowing

This is the country on this list where UK sources disagree most. Bradford, Manchester Metropolitan, Portsmouth, Leeds and Ravensbourne treat the Ivorian Baccalaureate as foundation level. Birmingham and Queen's Belfast publish year-one marks of 12 to 15 out of 20 on their Côte d'Ivoire pages, although both label the qualification the French Baccalauréat, which may or may not be intended to cover the Ivorian award. Bradford does publish a UCAS tariff mapping for the French Baccalauréat on its Côte d'Ivoire page, at 14 out of 20 for 136 or more tariff points, 13 out of 20 for 120 to 135, and 12 out of 20 for 96 to 119, but that is a tariff mapping rather than an A level conversion and it applies to the French award, so no grade table is given here.

Checked against

• University of Birmingham
• University of Portsmouth
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• Queen's University Belfast
• London Metropolitan University
• University of Westminster
• University of Greenwich
• Ravensbourne University London
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

State Diploma of Secondary Studies, long cycle

Also seen as: Diplôme d'État (academic sections) · Graduat · Ingéniorat Technicien · Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur (DTS) · Licence · Diplôme d'Ingénieur

The Diplôme d'État is the end of school certificate in the DRC and UK universities place it below A level standard, so it does not on its own admit you to year one of a UK degree. An international foundation year is the normal route. The alternative that works, and that several universities name, is a Congolese post-secondary qualification such as a Graduat, an Ingéniorat Technicien or a DTS at around 70 per cent.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts a Graduat, an Ingéniorat Technicien or a Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur at 70 per cent for entry to year one, and a Diplôme d'Ingénieur or a Licence at 70 per cent for entry to the final year. Westminster lists the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Scientifiques and the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Littéraires among the qualifications it will consider directly. A levels, the IB and a French Baccalauréat also give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 80 out of 100 in the Diplôme d'État d'Études Secondaires du Cycle Long, academic streams, with at least 80 out of 100 in two relevant subjects. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling is in French and no UK source checked accepts a Congolese school English mark in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Warwick states that the DRC high school qualification is not considered and that a recognised international foundation programme is required. Bradford lists the Diplôme d'État as needing a foundation programme. Westminster does not list the Diplôme d'État at all among the qualifications it accepts, which points the same way. Only Leeds publishes a numerical foundation threshold, at 80 per cent, and only Derby publishes thresholds for the post-secondary route, at 70 per cent. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Diplôme d'État.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• University of Westminster
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Djiboutian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat Technique · French Baccalauréat · Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS) · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG) · Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie (DUT)

Djibouti's Baccalauréat is closely modelled on the French one and marked out of 20, but UK universities do not treat it as equivalent to A levels. Warwick, Bradford and Manchester Metropolitan all require an international foundation year first. If you sat the French Baccalauréat rather than the Djiboutian one, say so, because Warwick will consider it directly.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts a Brevet de Technicien Supérieur at 12 for entry to year one. Manchester Metropolitan will take a BTS, a DEUG or a DUT for entry straight into year two of a degree. Warwick says it will consider a French Baccalauréat, and A levels, the IB and Advanced Placement all give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 15 out of 20 in the Baccalauréat Général with at least 15 out of 20 in two relevant subjects. That is a demanding bar for a foundation year, so check less selective providers as well. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no part below 5.5 is the common minimum, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Teaching in Djibouti is in French and Arabic and no UK source checked accepts a school English grade instead of a test.

Worth knowing

The three university sources found agree that the Djiboutian Baccalauréat needs a foundation year. The nuance worth knowing is that Warwick will consider a French Baccalauréat but not the Djiboutian one, which matters in a country where some students sit the French examination at a French-accredited lycée. Only Leeds publishes a foundation threshold, at 15 out of 20, and only Derby publishes a post-secondary threshold, at 12 for a BTS. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for this qualification.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Dominican Bachillerato

Also seen as: Bachillerato Técnico-Profesional · Perito · Título de Técnico · First year of a Dominican Licenciatura

The Dominican Bachillerato is taken at 17 or 18 and UK universities treat it as short of A level standard. York puts it plainly: with the Bachillerato you will need to take an additional course before you can apply, meaning A levels, the IB or a recognised foundation programme. Budget for one extra year before your degree starts.

How to avoid the foundation year

No UK source found accepts the Bachillerato on its own for year one. The published alternatives are A levels, the IB Diploma, or a recognised international foundation programme, after which Derby and others admit you straight to year one. If you have already started a Dominican Licenciatura, ask admissions whether a completed first year will be counted, as several universities accept a completed university year from comparable Latin American systems.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 80 per cent in the Bachillerato with at least 80 per cent in two relevant subjects. Strathclyde says the high school qualification will be considered for entry at foundation level without naming a mark. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5, and Bangor quotes IELTS 5.5 for its International Year One.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no element below 5.5 is the common minimum, rising to 6.5 at more selective universities. Bangor notes it may waive the test where you can show other evidence such as school transcripts, but that is unusual. Assume you will sit IELTS.

Worth knowing

Sources agree. Warwick names the Perito and the Técnico as not considered for entry. York, Strathclyde and Napier all point Dominican school leavers at a foundation or pathway programme. Only Leeds publishes a number, 80 per cent, and only for its own foundation year. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Dominican Bachillerato.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of York
• Edinburgh Napier University
• Bangor University
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bachelor's Certificate (upper secondary)

Also seen as: Bachillerato General Unificado · First year of an Ecuadorian Licenciatura · International Baccalaureate Diploma

School leavers holding the Titulo de Bachiller normally need a one-year international foundation programme before starting a UK degree. The strongest alternative is the completed first year of an Ecuadorian Licenciatura, which several universities accept for entry to the first year of a UK bachelor's degree; one publishes a threshold of 80 per cent or a GPA of 3.2 out of 4.0 for that year.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Título de Bachiller at 8.5 with the relevant subjects at 8.0 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked; an international college sets the same at 8 out of 10 for business and accepts a Título de Tecnólogo for science and engineering. The completed first year of an Ecuadorian Licenciatura is named by three separate UK sources as acceptable for entry to year one, with one publishing a threshold of 80 per cent or a GPA of 3.2 out of 4.0; Ecuador is one of the clearest cases anywhere for the university-year route. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Título de Bachiller en Ciencias. Foundation entry is 65 per cent or 6.5 overall at one pathway provider, an average of 7.5 with a minimum of 7 in the relevant subjects at another, and a pass mark of 7 at an international college. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall with 5.5-6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of the Bachillerato is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Ecuador is one of the clearer cases for the university-year route: three separate UK sources name the completed first year of a Licenciatura as acceptable, and only one attaches a numerical threshold to it. No source found publishes a conversion from the Titulo de Bachiller itself to A level grades, so none is given.

Checked against

• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Bristol
• Coventry University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American Diploma with SAT or AP · First year of an Egyptian bachelor degree

The Thanaweya Amma is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree. The standard routes are an international foundation year, or a completed year of an Egyptian university degree, and large numbers of Egyptian applicants instead present Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate taken at international schools.

How to avoid the foundation year

The most useful route is that the General Secondary Education Certificate at 75 per cent overall with 70 per cent in the relevant subjects (80 and 75 per cent for engineering) is enough for entry straight to an International Year One, which starts at year two; the Thanaweya Amma at 65 per cent plus one further year of study reaches the same place. Kent accepts one year of an Egyptian bachelor degree at 75-80 per cent or GPA 3.0-3.3 out of 4.0 for entry to year one. Edinburgh, which does not accept the national certificate at all, does accept the Certificate of Nile International Secondary Education with three Level 3 examinations. Cambridge International A levels, the IB, or an American diploma with SAT or AP results give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Thanaweya Amma. Foundation entry is commonly 65 per cent overall with 60 per cent in the relevant subjects at a pathway provider; a university-run international foundation year asks about 85 per cent, and integrated science and engineering foundation years around 90 per cent with 90 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry; the Thanaweya Amma English component is not generally accepted in place of IELTS, though IGCSE or O level English at a good grade is.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with higher scores for some courses. The Thanaweya Amma English component is not generally accepted in place of IELTS; IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is accepted by some universities.

Worth knowing

Thanaweya Amma results are reported as a percentage. Foundation entry thresholds are high by local standards and vary between institutions: around 85 per cent overall is common for general foundation programmes, rising to about 90 per cent overall with 90 per cent in mathematics and physics for integrated science and engineering foundation years at more selective universities. One source states flatly that no Egyptian school leaving qualification is accepted; another allows the Secondary School Certificate combined with a completed year of Egyptian university study for direct entry, which is a material difference in what counts as an alternative to a foundation year.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Southampton
• University of Surrey
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Leeds
• Loughborough University
• University of Kent
• University of Edinburgh
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bachelor's Certificate (Spanish-model upper secondary)

Also seen as: Bachillerato · Título de Bachiller Superior · Curso de Orientación Universitaria (COU)

Almost no UK university publishes a position on Equatoguinean school qualifications, which is itself the finding. The one that does, Warwick, says the high school qualification is not considered and requires its own International Foundation Programme. Assume a foundation year, and write to the admissions office of any university you are serious about before you apply, because your case will be judged individually rather than against a published rule.

How to avoid the foundation year

Nothing is published. Warwick will consider a Spanish Título de Bachillerato, A levels, the IB Diploma or Advanced Placement in place of its foundation year, so if you followed the Spanish curriculum at a Spanish-accredited school your case is stronger and you should say so. Otherwise the practical advice is to send your certificate and full transcript to admissions and ask for a written assessment before you commit to an application.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 for a foundation year. Wolverhampton quotes IELTS 6.0 with 5.5 in every component, and Manchester Metropolitan the same. Schooling is in Spanish and no UK source names a local substitute for a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

This is the thinnest country on this list and the honest answer is that UK universities do not publish a position on the Equatoguinean Título de Bachiller. Only Warwick states a position, on two of its own pages. Bradford lists Equatorial Guinea but shows no qualification against it and tells applicants to contact admissions. Manchester Metropolitan and Wolverhampton both say to contact them with any entry requirement query. LSE does not list Equatoguinean qualifications at all. So there is one substantive UK university source, not three, and the remaining four are evidence of the silence rather than of a threshold. No foundation entry grade and no A level conversion are published anywhere found.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Wolverhampton
• London School of Economics
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Eritrean Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Eritrean Secondary School Leaving Certificate · Undergraduate Diploma from an Eritrean college · First year of an Eritrean degree

The ESECE is treated as below A level standard, so it does not on its own get you into year one of a UK degree. Queen's Belfast will take it only alongside a recognised foundation programme. If you have gone beyond school, that changes things: an Eritrean undergraduate diploma or one completed year of an Eritrean degree is accepted for year one at several universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

Manchester Metropolitan accepts an Eritrean undergraduate diploma for entry without a foundation year. Derby lists an Eritrean Diploma at grade B for direct entry, and an Eritrean bachelor's degree at grade B as well. Queen's Belfast will consider one completed year of Eritrean university study in a relevant subject case by case. A levels or the IB Diploma at 30 to 36 points also give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 70 out of 100 in the ESECE with at least 70 out of 100 in two subjects relevant to the intended degree. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall with 5.5 in each part.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no part below 5.5 is the common minimum, and Queen's Belfast quotes 6.5 or TOEFL iBT 90. Secondary teaching in Eritrea is in English, but no UK source checked accepts the ESECE English grade in place of a Secure English Language Test, so expect to sit one.

Worth knowing

The sources agree. Warwick says the Eritrean high school qualification is not considered for entry. Queen's Belfast accepts it only in combination with a foundation programme. Manchester Metropolitan and Derby both route school leavers through a foundation year and reserve direct entry for diploma and degree holders. Only Leeds publishes a foundation entry mark, at 70 out of 100. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the ESECE. One practical warning: Eritrean applicants often face long delays getting certificates and transcripts verified, so start that early.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Eswatini General Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education (SGCSE) · Cambridge Overseas School Certificate (COSC) · International Secondary Certificate (ISC) · Advanced Studies / Cambridge AS levels

Eswatini's school leaving certificate is a Cambridge style qualification sat at the end of form 5, and most UK universities treat it as standing below A level. Warwick says the high school qualification is not considered for entry and that a foundation programme is required; Bradford and Westminster take the same view. Leeds is the useful exception, accepting the International Secondary Certificate with five subjects at high grades, so a strong candidate has a real chance at direct entry if they apply in the right places.

How to avoid the foundation year

Leeds is the clearest route: five International Secondary Certificate subjects at AAAAB stand in for A*AA and AABBB for BBB, with the caveat that Further Studies Maths must be taken where A level maths is required. Cambridge AS or A levels taken as Advanced Studies after form 5 give direct entry. So does the IB, or one to two completed years of a degree at the University of Eswatini or a South African university with good grades.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK asks for the Cambridge Overseas School Certificate with grades of 6 or better in all subjects. Westminster describes a general foundation entry standard of 60 to 65 per cent. Navitas accepts the Swaziland General Certificate of Secondary Education for foundation entry. Leeds accepts applicants onto its International Foundation Year where they fall short of the direct entry grades above. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

Leeds asks for International Secondary Certificate English at grade C or above, IELTS 6.0 overall, or GCSE English at C or 4, and will waive the test for applicants taught in English in Eswatini for at least two years. Bradford accepts grade 6 in COSC English, or A* to C. Because Eswatini teaches and examines in English, a waiver is more realistic here than in most countries, but check each course page.

Worth knowing

The sources genuinely disagree. Warwick states that the high school qualification is not considered for entry and requires a foundation programme; Bradford and Westminster agree. Leeds accepts the International Secondary Certificate for direct entry and publishes the conversion ladder above. That ladder comes from Leeds alone and is not a sector view, so treat it as what one selective university will do rather than what any university will do. The names are also a trap: the same certificate appears as EGCSE, SGCSE, COSC and ISC across different UK pages, and Bradford and Westminster still file the country under Swaziland.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Leeds
• University of Bradford
• University of Westminster
• International College Portsmouth (Navitas)
• NCUK
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Certificate

Also seen as: Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate · One or two years of an Ethiopian bachelor degree · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Ethiopian school leaving qualifications are not accepted on their own for year one of a UK bachelor degree. An international foundation year is the standard route, and one or two completed years of an Ethiopian university degree with strong grades are accepted by some universities as an alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

One or two completed years of a bachelor degree at an acceptable Ethiopian university with strong grades is accepted for entry to year one at Bristol, and this is the main way round the foundation year. The secondary certificate at 60 per cent is enough for an International Year One in business subjects at one international college, and a completed three-year Ethiopian bachelor degree for the science and engineering equivalent, both of which start at year two. Cambridge International A levels or the IB, where they have been taken at an international school, give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Ethiopian school leaving or university entrance examination certificate at about 50 per cent is enough for a foundation year at an international college; UK universities more often assess the transcript individually than against a published table, and the secondary system has been restructured more than once, so full transcripts are always asked for. English is IELTS 5.0-5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry; because secondary and university teaching is largely in English, some universities will consider a medium-of-instruction waiver on request.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-7.0 depending on the course, most commonly 6.0 or 6.5. Ethiopian school leaving English is not generally accepted in place of IELTS, although secondary and university teaching is largely in English, so some universities will consider a medium-of-instruction waiver on request.

Worth knowing

Neither source checked publishes a grade conversion ladder for Ethiopian qualifications, and the pattern across UK universities is to assess Ethiopian applications individually rather than against a table, so no conversion is given. The Ethiopian secondary system has been restructured more than once in recent years, and the names of the leaving certificates have changed accordingly, so applicants should expect UK admissions teams to ask for full transcripts.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• University of Lincoln
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Bristol
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Fiji Year 13 Certificate, formerly the Fiji Seventh Form Examination

Also seen as: Fiji Seventh Form Examination · Fiji Year 12 Certificate · Fiji School Leaving Certificate · South Pacific Form Seven Certificate · First year of a University of the South Pacific degree

UK universities are split on the Fiji Year 13 Certificate. Most, including Warwick, Queen's Belfast and Strathclyde, treat it as short of A level standard and ask for an international foundation year first. A minority publish a direct route: Wolverhampton accepts 300 out of 400 with 50 per cent in English, and Derby accepts the Seventh Form Certificate at grade B. Check the specific university before you assume either way.

How to avoid the foundation year

Wolverhampton takes the Fiji Year 13 Certificate at 300 out of 400, with 50 per cent in English, straight into year one. Derby lists the Fiji Seventh Form Certificate Examination at grade B for direct entry. Strathclyde will accept one successful year of bachelor's level study at a recognised institution of university standing, naming the University of the South Pacific, with A grades or a high GPA. A levels or the IB Diploma at 30 to 36 points also give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 2 in the Fiji Year 12 Examination Certificate or Fiji School Leaving Certificate, with a 2 in two relevant subjects, which means a Year 13 pass is comfortably above its foundation bar. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

Fiji is not on the UKVI list of majority English speaking countries, so even though schooling and university teaching in Fiji are in English, most universities will still ask for IELTS at 6.0 to 6.5 overall. Wolverhampton is the clear exception found, accepting 50 per cent in Fiji Year 13 English as part of its academic requirement. Ask each university in writing whether it will waive the test.

Worth knowing

This is a genuine disagreement, not a gap. Warwick says the Fijian high school qualification is not considered for entry and requires its foundation programme. Queen's Belfast lists the Fiji Year 13 Certificate with good grades but only alongside a recognised foundation programme. Strathclyde requires a foundation programme or a completed university year. Bradford lists the Year 13 Certificate but publishes no grade and asks applicants to contact admissions. Against that, Wolverhampton and Derby publish direct year-one thresholds. Two of the six checked accept the certificate on its own, which is why the route here is foundation rather than conditional, but a Fijian applicant with strong Year 13 marks should certainly apply directly to the universities that accept it. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion.

Checked against

• University of Wolverhampton
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Bradford
• University of Warwick
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Liverpool (UKVI majority English speaking list)
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Gabonese Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat Technique · French Baccalauréat · Option Internationale du Baccalauréat (OIB) · Brevet de Technicien Supérieur (BTS) · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG)

Portsmouth puts it as plainly as anyone: if you have completed the Gabonese Baccalauréat, you will need to do a foundation year before an undergraduate course. Warwick and Bradford say the same. The distinction that matters is between the Gabonese award and the French Baccalauréat sat at a French-accredited lycée, because the French one is accepted for year one at 12.5 out of 20.

How to avoid the foundation year

Portsmouth accepts the French Baccalauréat Général at 12.5 out of 20 or the Option Internationale du Baccalauréat at 11.5 out of 20 for year one, provided you studied relevant subjects. Derby accepts a Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales or a Brevet de Technicien Supérieur at 13 for year one, and a Licence at Assez Bien for entry to year three. Portsmouth also says it will consider strong and mature applicants case by case for direct degree entry, so it is worth asking.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 15 out of 20 in the Baccalauréat with at least 15 out of 20 in two relevant subjects. That is a high bar for a foundation year and other providers set lower ones, so shop around. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. Portsmouth accepts iGCSE, O level, IELTS, Pearson, TOEFL and Duolingo. Teaching in Gabon is in French and no source checked accepts a school English grade in place of a test.

Worth knowing

The three university sources agree that the Gabonese Baccalauréat needs a foundation year. Only Leeds publishes a foundation threshold, at 15 out of 20, and only Derby and Portsmouth publish year-one thresholds, and those are for post-secondary diplomas or the French Baccalauréat rather than the Gabonese award. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Gabonese Baccalauréat.

Checked against

• University of Portsmouth
• University of Bradford
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

West African Senior School Certificate

Also seen as: WAEC GCE Ordinary Level · Gambia Basic Education Certificate (GABECE) · GCE Advanced Level · Advanced Diploma from the Management Development Institute · First year of a University of The Gambia degree

The Gambia sits the same WASSCE as Nigeria, Ghana and Sierra Leone, and UK universities treat it the same way: as roughly GCSE level rather than A level level. On its own it does not admit you to year one of a UK bachelor's degree. The normal routes are an international foundation year, GCE A levels, or a Gambian post-secondary diploma.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts GCE Advanced Level at grade D for entry to year one, and an Advanced Diploma from the Management Development Institute at a CGPA of 2.30, a C+ or 57 per cent. Many UK universities also accept one completed year of a Gambian university degree or a higher national diploma at a good grade, as they do elsewhere in West Africa, so ask admissions directly if that is your position. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks a B3 average in WASSCE with at least B3 in the subjects relevant to the intended degree. Standalone foundation providers commonly set a lower bar, around C6 in five subjects, so compare providers. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Bradford accepts WASSCE English Language at grade C6 in place of a test, and that is common across the sector for West African applicants, though more selective universities ask for B3 or better. The Gambia is not on the UKVI list of majority English speaking countries, so confirm with your university that it will accept WASSCE English before you skip IELTS. Results are often required to be recent and verified by WAEC scratch card.

Worth knowing

Sources agree that WASSCE alone is not enough. Warwick says the high school qualification is not considered for entry. Bradford lists the West African Senior School Certificate as requiring a foundation programme. Where they differ is on the foundation bar: Leeds asks B3, which is well above the C6 that standalone foundation providers commonly ask of West African applicants, so the honest range is C6 to B3. Derby is the only source found that publishes a year-one route, and that is via GCE A levels or a Gambian advanced diploma rather than WASSCE. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for WASSCE, because it is not considered to be at that level.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Warwick
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Liverpool (UKVI majority English speaking list)
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Complete General Secondary Education

Also seen as: Unified National Examinations · General Education Diploma · Bakalavris Khariskhi (Georgian bachelor's degree) · Diplomirebuli Spetsialisti (Certified Specialist)

The Georgian school certificate, with or without the Unified National Examinations, is not accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Glasgow says country qualifications are not accepted and asks for A levels, the IB or its own international college. Warwick, Bradford, Strathclyde and Ravensbourne all say the same in different words. The route most Georgian students take is one year of a Georgian degree, or an international foundation year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Kent accepts one completed year of a Bakalavris Khariskhi at an authorised institution with an average of at least 81 per cent, B, 4 out of 5 or 3.2 out of 4.0, and accepts the Diplomirebuli Spetsialisti at the same level. That is the cleanest published way to skip the foundation year. Strathclyde will consider students with the IB, A levels or the American High School Diploma for direct entry. Kent will also consider a foundation course taken at a Georgian institution, assessed individually.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 7 out of 10 in the General Education Diploma with at least 7 out of 10 in two relevant subjects. Ravensbourne and Bradford simply require a recognised UK international foundation course. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 for a foundation year. No UK source checked accepts the Georgian school English mark in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sources agree closely, which is unusual. Warwick, Glasgow, Bradford, Strathclyde and Ravensbourne all decline the Atestati for year one. Kent is the most useful source because it publishes an exact alternative, 81 per cent or equivalent for one completed university year. Leeds is the only source found publishing a foundation entry mark, 7 out of 10. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Atestati or for the Unified National Examinations, so none is given.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Glasgow
• University of Bradford
• University of Warwick
• University of Strathclyde
• Ravensbourne University London
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

West African Senior School Certificate

Also seen as: Senior Secondary School Certificate (SSSCE, older award) · Higher National Diploma (HND) · First year of a Ghanaian bachelor degree · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

WASSCE is regarded as comparable to UK GCSE rather than A level, so it does not by itself give entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree. Applicants normally add an international foundation year, or offer one completed year of a Ghanaian degree, or an ND or HND at upper credit.

How to avoid the foundation year

Kent accepts a Higher National Diploma at second class lower division with 50 per cent or a GPA of 2.51, or a university diploma at the same standard, for entry to year one; at third class with 40 per cent or GPA 2.01 the same diploma gets an integrated foundation year, which is still cheaper than a standalone one. The West African Higher School Certificate, Ghana's A level equivalent, with evidence of further study or three B grades, is enough for entry to an International Year One and therefore year two. Five WASSCE passes at a C4 average (B3 for science and engineering) also reach International Year One at one international college. One completed year of a Ghanaian bachelor degree is accepted for year one at several universities. Cambridge International A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

WASSCE, normally five subjects including English and mathematics. Entry to a foundation year commonly needs four or more subjects at grades 1-6, or grades 1-8 at the most accessible providers; a C6 average across five subjects buys a one-semester programme, D7 two semesters and E8 three. A selective university-run preparatory certificate asks B2 in the required subjects. English is IELTS 5.0 overall for foundation entry against 6.0 for direct degree entry, with WASSCE English at C6 accepted instead by many providers.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with 5.5 in each component is the common baseline. WASSCE English is widely accepted instead: C6 satisfies most universities, though some require B3 or B2. Results usually need to be within seven years and verified through WAEC.

Worth knowing

WASSCE grades run A1, B2, B3, C4, C5, C6, D7, E8, F9. Sources disagree on the substitute for a foundation year: some accept one year of a Ghanaian university degree in a relevant subject, some accept ND or HND at upper credit, and some accept only a recognised foundation programme. At least one university lists WAEC as an accepted qualification without stating clearly whether it supports year-one entry, which is ambiguous; the conservative reading, and the one taken by the majority of sources checked, is that a foundation year is required. Foundation entry thresholds vary, commonly around five subjects at B3 for an integrated foundation year and around five at C6 for a standalone foundation diploma.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Leeds
• Oxford Brookes University
• University of Sussex
• University of Sheffield
• University of Leicester
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Kent
• University College London
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Guatemalan Bachillerato

Also seen as: Diversificado · Perito · Maestro de Educación Primaria · Título de Técnico Universitario · Diplomado / Grado Académico de Baccalaureatus

The Guatemalan Bachillerato is treated as below A level standard by every UK source found, so it does not open year one of a UK degree on its own. Bradford requires a foundation programme regardless of grades, and Strathclyde will only consider students with the IB, A levels or the American High School Diploma for direct entry. Plan on a foundation year, or on completing part of a Guatemalan university degree first.

How to avoid the foundation year

There is no published route into year one from the Bachillerato itself. Derby accepts a Técnico Universitario at 71 per cent and a Diplomado or Grado Académico de Baccalaureatus at 81 per cent, but for entry to year three rather than year one, so those suit students who have already done university-level study. Strathclyde will consider the IB, A levels or the American High School Diploma directly, which is worth knowing if you attend one of the American-curriculum schools in Guatemala City.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 75 per cent in the Bachillerato with at least 75 per cent in the relevant subjects. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall with 5.5 in each part.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. No UK source checked accepts Guatemalan school English in place of a test. Students from bilingual or American-curriculum schools should ask whether an SAT, AP or school transcript will be considered instead.

Worth knowing

Warwick's published list does not cover Guatemala, so the position rests on Bradford, Strathclyde, Derby and Leeds, all four of which point the same way. Only Leeds publishes a foundation entry mark, 75 per cent, and only Derby publishes thresholds for the university-level routes, and those are for entry further up a degree. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Guatemalan Bachillerato.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Guinean Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Diplôme de Bachelier du Second Degré · Baccalauréat 2ème partie · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG) · Licence · Diplôme d'Ingénieur

The Guinean Baccalauréat is marked out of 20 and UK universities place it below A level standard, so a foundation year is the normal route into a UK degree. Bradford lists it as requiring a foundation programme outright. If you have already started university in Guinea, a DEUG at 14 out of 20 will take you into year one at Derby without a foundation year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts a Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales at 14 overall for entry to year one, and a Licence, a Diplôme d'Ingénieur or a Diplôme de Docteur en Médecine at 14 overall for entry to year three. A levels, the IB Diploma or a French Baccalauréat sat at a French-accredited lycée also give direct entry at most universities.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 15 out of 20 in the Diplôme de Bachelier du Second Degré or Diplôme de Baccalauréat Unique, with at least 15 out of 20 in two relevant subjects. That is a demanding bar and other foundation providers set lower ones. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. Teaching in Guinea is in French and no UK source checked accepts a school English grade in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

This is a thin country. Three sources were found and they agree: Bradford requires a foundation programme, Leeds publishes a foundation entry mark of 15 out of 20, and Derby publishes year-one and year-three entry only from Guinean university qualifications. Warwick's published list does not cover Guinea, and most UK universities have no Guinea page at all. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Guinean Baccalauréat.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Completion of Secondary Studies

Also seen as: Certificado do Ensino Secundário · Bacharelato · Licenciatura

Guinea-Bissau's Portuguese-model school certificate is not accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Warwick states that the high school qualification is not considered and requires its own International Foundation Programme, and Bradford lists the Certificado do Ensino Secundário as needing a foundation programme. An international foundation year is the normal route. Very few UK universities publish anything about this country, so expect to deal with admissions offices directly.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts a successfully completed Bacharelato or Licenciatura for direct entry, so applicants who have studied at university in Bissau or in Portugal may not need a foundation year. A levels, the IB Diploma or Advanced Placement also give direct entry. Nothing else is published.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 for a foundation year. Teaching is in Portuguese and no UK source checked names any local substitute for a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Three sources were found and they agree, but none publishes a grade. Warwick and Bradford both require a foundation programme without naming a mark. Derby is the only source with a threshold, and it is for the university-level route, not the school certificate. Leeds does not list Guinea-Bissau on its foundation entry requirements page and tells applicants from unlisted countries to contact its admissions team, so no foundation entry grade is given here. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Bradford
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Haitian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat, reformed system · Nouveau Secondaire certificate · Diplôme d'Études Supérieures · Maîtrise

The Haitian Baccalauréat is treated as below A level standard, so it does not on its own get you into year one of a UK degree. Bradford lists the reformed Baccalauréat as requiring a foundation programme, and Queen's Belfast does not list Haitian school qualifications among those it accepts. The published alternatives all start above school level, so most Haitian school leavers should plan on a foundation year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Bristol will consider applicants holding a Diplôme d'Études Supérieures or a professional title with very good grades for suitable undergraduate programmes. Derby lists the Diplôme d'Études Supérieures at 7 out of 10 or 70 per cent for entry to year one, and a Maîtrise at 8 out of 10 or 80 per cent for entry to year two. A levels and the IB Diploma give direct entry everywhere.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 for a foundation year. Queen's Belfast quotes 6.5 or TOEFL iBT 90. Teaching in Haiti is in French and Haitian Creole, and no UK source checked accepts a school English grade in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Four sources were found and none publishes a grade for the Haitian Baccalauréat itself, only for qualifications above it. Bradford requires a foundation programme. Queen's Belfast lists only A levels, the IB and CAPE and says applicants without an appropriate level of qualification must take a foundation programme. Bristol and Derby both publish routes, but from the Diplôme d'Études Supérieures rather than from school. Leeds does not list Haiti on its foundation entry page and Manchester Metropolitan says its Haiti requirements will be updated shortly, so no foundation entry grade is given here. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Bristol
• Queen's University Belfast
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Honduran Bachillerato

Also seen as: Bachillerato Técnico Profesional · Diploma de Técnico · Diploma de Técnico Universitario · Bachillerato Universitario

The Honduran Bachillerato is treated as below A level standard, and Bradford states that a foundation programme is required regardless of the grades achieved. Strathclyde will consider only the IB, A levels or the American High School Diploma for direct entry. An international foundation year is the normal route, and a Honduran technical diploma is the main way round it.

How to avoid the foundation year

Derby accepts a Diploma de Técnico or a Diploma de Técnico Universitario at 70 per cent for entry to year one, and a Técnico Universitario or a Bachillerato Universitario at 70 per cent for entry to year three. Strathclyde will consider the IB, A levels or the American High School Diploma for direct entry, which matters if you attend one of the bilingual or American-curriculum schools in Tegucigalpa or San Pedro Sula.

Getting onto a foundation year

Leeds asks an average of 70 per cent in the Título de Bachiller Científico Humanista with at least 70 per cent in two relevant subjects. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.5 overall with 5.5 in each part.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine months from a September start, is the standard shape, with January starts and longer four-term versions for applicants who need more English. Tuition runs from about £14,800 for a foundation certificate at a pathway college up to £24,000 to £24,500 for an integrated foundation year at a research-intensive university. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall with 5.5 to 6.0 in each part is the usual undergraduate requirement. No UK source checked accepts Honduran school English in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Warwick's published list does not cover Honduras, so the position rests on Bradford, Strathclyde, Derby and Leeds. All four agree that the Bachillerato alone is not enough for year one. Only Leeds publishes a foundation entry mark, 70 per cent, and only Derby publishes year-one thresholds, and those are for technical diplomas rather than for the school certificate. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Honduran Bachillerato.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Derby
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• University of Leeds International Foundation Year
• Kaplan International Pathways

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Senior High School Certificate

Also seen as: Surat Keterangan Hasil Ujian (SKHU / national examination result) · A levels or the IB taken at an Indonesian international school

The Indonesian Senior High School Certificate is normally judged to fall short of the UK entry standard for the first year of a degree, and a one-year international foundation programme is the usual route. A small number of universities make an exception for graduates of the government's list of leading schools, and A levels or the IB taken at an international school give direct entry as normal.

How to avoid the foundation year

SMA year 3 at 7.0 to 7.5 across five relevant subjects, or the completed first year of an Indonesian university degree at a GPA of 2.0 or above, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; an international college takes SMA at 65 per cent across four subjects for business and 80 per cent for science and engineering. Sheffield accepts graduates of schools on the government's Garuda list at an average of 88 to 95 for direct entry to arts, humanities and social science courses with no named subject prerequisites, which is the clearest published exception. A levels or the IB at an Indonesian international school give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Ijazah SMA. Foundation entry is SMA year 3 at 6.5 or year 2 at 6.0 at one pathway provider, 7.0 at year 2 or 6.5 at year 3 across four relevant subjects at another, and about 5.6 to 7.0 at an international college; a university-run route asks about 80 per cent overall, and 80 per cent with 90 per cent in physics and mathematics for an integrated science or engineering foundation year. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is accepted where the applicant has taken it; the English component of the Indonesian national examinations is not generally accepted on its own.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree on whether direct entry is possible at all. Sheffield accepts graduates of schools on the government's 'Garuda' list directly onto arts, humanities and social science courses with an average of 88–95, where no specific subject prerequisites apply. Manchester requires a foundation programme for all SMA holders regardless of school, setting 80% overall for a foundation place and 80% overall with 90% in physics and mathematics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. The foundation route is the more conservative and by far the more common assumption.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Iraqi Certificate of Preparatory Education

Also seen as: Secondary School Certificate · Kurdistan Region preparatory certificate · Diploma of Technician · First year of an Iraqi or Kurdish bachelor's degree

The Iraqi Adadiyah, also called the Certificate of Preparatory Education, is treated by UK universities as below A level standard, so on its own it will not get you into year one of a UK degree. The normal routes are an international foundation year, or one completed year of a degree at an Iraqi or Kurdish university. Marks matter even for the foundation route, with published thresholds of 80 to 85 per cent at the more selective universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

One completed year of undergraduate study at a recognised Iraqi or Kurdish university is the cleanest way past the foundation year, and Southampton, Cardiff and Kent all accept it. Kent publishes a bachelor's degree at 75 per cent overall as sufficient. Cardiff also accepts the Diploma of Technician. A levels or the International Baccalaureate, taken at an international school or privately, give direct entry and are the only qualifications some universities will consider for medicine and dentistry. A foundation course taken at a college inside Iraq is accepted by Kent as well as a UK one.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Adadiyah or Secondary School Certificate. Published foundation entry is an average of 85 per cent with 85 per cent in relevant subjects at one Russell Group university, 85 per cent for the pathway provider routes at another, and 80 per cent overall with 80 per cent in maths and physics for an integrated science and engineering foundation. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall is the common undergraduate requirement and 6.0 is accepted on some courses. Iraqi school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test. Universities running their own pre-sessional English course will usually take you at IELTS 4.0 to 5.0 and let their exit test stand in for IELTS.

Worth knowing

Sources agree that the school certificate alone is not enough, which is unusually consistent. They disagree on how good it has to be to start a foundation year: 80 per cent for an integrated foundation at Manchester against 85 per cent for the same university's pathway partner routes and for Leeds. Liverpool John Moores publishes no Iraq page and instead sets a generic requirement of a technical diploma at 60 per cent or a recognised international foundation year. No UK source found publishes an A level conversion ladder for the Adadiyah, which is consistent with it sitting below A level, so none is given.

Checked against

• University of Kent
• University of Southampton
• University of Manchester
• Cardiff University
• University of Leeds
• Liverpool John Moores University
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Upper Secondary School Leaving Certificate

Also seen as: 専門士 Senmonshi (vocational degree) · 準学士 Jun-Gakushi (associate degree) · 短期大学士 Tanki Daigakushi (junior college diploma)

The Japanese Upper Secondary School Leaving Certificate is not normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the usual route. A year of study at a Japanese university, or a vocational, associate or junior college qualification, is commonly accepted for direct entry instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

The upper secondary certificate at a GPA of 3.0 to 3.5 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree. Loughborough accepts a completed first year of a Japanese university degree at 75 to 80 per cent. A Senmonshi, Jun-Gakushi or Tanki Daigakushi at roughly 65 to 75 per cent is accepted for entry to year one at a number of universities, so a two-year vocational or junior college award already held at home does the job of a foundation year. A levels or the IB give direct entry. The EJU is designed for entry to Japanese universities and is not used as an entry qualification in the UK.

Getting onto a foundation year

Kotogakko Sotsugyo Shomeisho. Foundation entry is a grade average of 2.0 out of 5 at one pathway provider, Senior 3 at 55 per cent or GPA 2.5 at another, five subjects at a 2.0 average at an international college, 3 out of 5 with 4 in the relevant subjects at a university-run international foundation year, and 3 overall with 4 in each required subject at a selective preparatory certificate. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.5–6.0 in each component. Japanese school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Where a university does accept post-school qualifications for direct entry, typical minimum grades run from about 65% (roughly C+) to 75% (roughly B+). For a foundation year the common threshold is an overall school average of about 80%, with 80% in mathematics and physics for science and engineering pathways. The EJU (Examination for Japanese University Admission for International Students) is designed for entry to Japanese universities and is not used as an entry qualification by UK universities.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Nottingham
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Leeds
• University College London
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · First year of a Jordanian bachelor degree

The Tawjihi is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree and is normally followed by an international foundation year. Applicants holding Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate, both common in Jordan's private schools, enter year one directly.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Tawjihi at 90 per cent overall with 70 per cent in the relevant subjects is enough for entry straight to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; 80 per cent, or 70 per cent overall with 50 per cent in the relevant subjects plus one further year of study, reaches the same point at other providers. An international college will also take 48 UCAS tariff points for business subjects and 72 for science and engineering, which A levels or CAPE-style qualifications can supply. One completed year of a Jordanian bachelor degree is accepted for year one by several universities. Cambridge International A levels or the IB, common in Jordan's private schools, give direct entry, most often at ABB to AAA.

Getting onto a foundation year

Tawjihi. Foundation entry is 70 per cent overall with 50 per cent in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider, an average of 50 per cent across four or more subjects at another, and 60 per cent at an international college; university-run integrated foundation years commonly ask about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in the relevant subjects. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Tawjihi English component is not accepted in place of IELTS; IGCSE or O Level English at a good grade is accepted by many universities for the Cambridge cohort.

Worth knowing

Tawjihi results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall with 85 per cent in subjects relevant to the intended degree. Sources differ in tone rather than substance: one states flatly that no Jordanian school leaving qualification is accepted, while another sets out the Tawjihi percentages needed for its foundation programmes; both amount to a foundation route. For direct entry the published A level offer applies, most commonly ABB to AAA, or 28 to 38 IB points.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of Surrey
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of General Secondary Education

Also seen as: Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS) Grade 12 Certificate · First year of a Kazakhstani bachelor's degree

The Attestat is not normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the usual route. The Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools Grade 12 Certificate is an important exception and is accepted for direct entry to the first year at a growing number of universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools Grade 12 Certificate is the important exception: it is accepted on its own for direct entry to year one at a growing number of universities, with Loughborough publishing AAA to BBB in Advanced level subjects, and it removes the foundation year entirely. Note that Loughborough does not accept NIS English in place of a separate English qualification. The Attestat with grades 4 and 5 across all subjects is enough for an International Year One, which starts at year two; an international college sets the same at GPA 6 for business and 7 for science and engineering on its own scale. A completed year of a Kazakhstani bachelor degree is also considered. The Unified National Test is not treated as a standalone entry qualification in the UK.

Getting onto a foundation year

Attestat. Foundation entry is a GPA of 3 at two pathway providers, and 3 to 5 depending on programme length at an international college; a university-run route commonly asks an average of 4.0 out of 5.0 or above with subject requirements set by the intended degree. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with some universities asking 6.5. Kazakhstani school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Foundation entry on the Attestat is commonly set at an average of 4.0 out of 5.0 or above, with subject requirements depending on the intended degree. For the NIS Grade 12 Certificate, offers are expressed as three higher-level subjects at the grades the course would normally require at A level; some universities exclude medicine and veterinary medicine from this route. The Unified National Test (ҰБТ / UNT) is used for entry to Kazakhstani universities and is not treated as a standalone entry qualification by UK universities.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · First year of a Kenyan bachelor degree

KCSE is treated as comparable to UK GCSE, so it does not admit an applicant to year one of a UK bachelor degree on its own. An international foundation year is the standard route, and a completed year of a Kenyan degree is accepted by some universities instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

The strongest route is KCSE itself: grades A to C+ in five or more subjects including the relevant ones is enough for entry to an International Year One, which begins at year two of the degree, and a mean grade of C+ (B- for science and engineering) reaches the same point at another provider. Kent accepts one or more completed years of a Kenyan bachelor degree at 60 per cent or upper credit for entry to year one. A Kenyan diploma at 40-45 per cent is accepted for International Year One at one international college. Cambridge International A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

KCSE. Foundation entry is commonly grades C to E in four or more subjects including the relevant ones at a pathway provider, or a mean grade of C plain across five subjects for a one-semester programme, C minus for two semesters and D plain for three at an international college. A university-run international foundation year asks considerably more, around a B average. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-7.0 for direct degree entry; KCSE English is accepted instead by many universities, though the grade demanded ranges from C to a firm B.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-7.0 depending on the course. KCSE English is commonly accepted in place of IELTS, but the grade required varies sharply between institutions: some accept grade C, while others require grade B and explicitly exclude B minus. Results are usually required to be within seven years.

Worth knowing

KCSE is graded A to E with plus and minus bands, and reported both as subject grades and as a mean grade. Sources are consistent that KCSE alone is not sufficient for year one. They disagree on the English threshold, C at some universities against a firm B at others, so B is the safer assumption. Foundation entry thresholds also differ, commonly a B average across seven or more subjects for an integrated foundation year and around a C average for a standalone foundation diploma. Some universities will consider one or more completed years of a Kenyan bachelor degree, typically at 60 per cent or upper credit, for direct entry.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey
• University of Sheffield
• Oxford Brookes University
• University of Kent
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Kent
• University of Leeds
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP

The Kuwaiti general secondary certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree and is normally followed by an international foundation year. Applicants from Kuwait's international schools holding Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate are considered for direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Tawjihiya at 80 per cent plus a further year of study is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree. Completed years of a Kuwaiti university degree, and associate or higher diplomas at GPA 3.0, are accepted for year one by universities publishing Gulf-wide routes. Cambridge International A levels or the IB from Kuwait's international schools give direct entry on the ordinary published offer. Edinburgh accepts no Kuwaiti school qualification directly and offers only its foundation programme or an internal admissions test for science and engineering.

Getting onto a foundation year

Shahadat Al-Thanawiya Al-Aama. Foundation entry is 70 per cent overall with 65 per cent in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider, and an average of 60 per cent at another; a year 12 grade D average is enough at the most accessible international college. University-run integrated foundation years commonly ask about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and the national certificate's English component is not accepted instead.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The national certificate's English component is not accepted in place of IELTS.

Worth knowing

Results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall, with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics for engineering and physics foundation routes. For the international-curriculum route the ordinary published offer applies, typically A level grades between BBB and A*AA or 28 to 38 IB points. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of St Andrews
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Completed Secondary Education

Also seen as: Diploma of Completed Specialised (Vocational) Secondary Education · Junior Specialist Diploma · First year of a Kyrgyz bachelor's degree

The Kyrgyz school certificate finishes at the end of the eleventh grade and UK universities treat it as short of A level standard, so an international foundation year is the normal route into year one of a UK degree. The alternative that works just as well is one completed year of a Kyrgyz bachelor's degree at 4.0 out of 5.0 or better. Aim for a 4 out of 5 average in the Attestat, because that is the number most foundation providers ask for.

How to avoid the foundation year

One completed year of a Kyrgyz bachelor's degree, or a Specialist Diploma, at a minimum of 4.0 out of 5.0 is accepted by Queen's Belfast for entry to year one. Wolverhampton accepts a vocational qualification diploma at a score of 3 for entry to a bachelor's programme. An International Year One, which starts you in year two, is available from the school certificate at GPA 3.5 for business subjects and GPA 4 for engineering, computing and health at one international college, and at GPA 4.5 at a pathway provider. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Certificate of Completed Secondary Education. Published foundation entry is 4 out of 5 overall with 4 in relevant subjects at a Russell Group university and at one pathway provider, while an international college will take GPA 3 for a one-semester foundation and no stated GPA for the two-semester version. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall, or 90 in TOEFL iBT, is the figure Queen's Belfast publishes, and 6.0 is common at other universities. Russian-medium or Kyrgyz-medium school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Coverage is reasonable for a country of this size but no UK university publishes an A level conversion ladder for the Attestat, so none is given. The foundation thresholds are consistent across sources at around 4 out of 5, with the notable exception of one international college which will take a GPA of 3 for its longest foundation route. Warwick simply states that its own foundation programme is required, which is the clearest short answer available.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Warwick
• University of Leeds
• Coventry University
• University of Wolverhampton
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Lao Upper Secondary School Diploma

Also seen as: Higher Diploma · First year of a Lao bachelor's degree

The Lao Upper Secondary School Diploma is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the standard route. The main alternative is a Lao Higher Diploma, which Coventry accepts at 3.0 out of 5.0 for direct entry. Foundation providers want roughly 65 to 70 per cent, or 6 to 7 out of 10, in the school diploma.

How to avoid the foundation year

Coventry accepts a Higher Diploma at a cumulative GPA of 3.0 out of 5.0 for direct entry, which is the clearest published way past the foundation year. Wolverhampton considers holders of a Lao bachelor's degree or university diploma from a recognised institution for entry to the final year of one of its degrees, case by case. An International Year One, which begins at year two, is offered from the school diploma at a 75 per cent average for business subjects and 80 per cent for engineering, computing and health at one international college. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Upper Secondary School Diploma. Published foundation entry is 7 out of 10 with 7 in relevant subjects at a Russell Group university, a GPA of 6.0 out of 10 across four subjects at one pathway provider, and 65 to 70 per cent at an international college depending on whether you take the one-semester or two-semester version. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 with 5.5 in each component is the standard Wolverhampton publishes, and 6.5 is common at more selective universities. Lao school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, and no UK source checked publishes an exemption for Laos.

Worth knowing

Laos is thinly covered. Only Coventry and Wolverhampton among mainstream universities publish anything Laos-specific, and both are about tertiary rather than school qualifications; the school-level thresholds all come from foundation and pathway providers. No UK university publishes an A level conversion for the Lao diploma, so none is given. One international college's Laos row appears to reuse a template designed for another country's qualification, so its percentage figures should be confirmed in writing before being relied on.

Checked against

• Coventry University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Leeds
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Bristol

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Lebanese Baccalaureate

Also seen as: French Baccalaureat · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Lebanese Baccalaureate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree and normally leads to an international foundation year. Lebanon's schools also teach the French and American systems and the International Baccalaureate, and applicants on those curricula are generally considered for direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Baccalauréat at 12 out of 20 including the relevant subjects, plus a further year of study, is enough for an International Year One, which starts at year two; one international college takes the Baccalauréat, or the Baccalauréat Technique, at 14 out of 20 for the same. Because Lebanon's schools teach the French and American systems and the IB alongside the national curriculum, the curriculum a student actually sat matters more than nationality: the French Baccalauréat, an American diploma with strong SAT or AP results, Cambridge International A levels and the IB are each assessed on their own published scales for direct entry to year one. Edinburgh accepts no Lebanese school qualification directly.

Getting onto a foundation year

Baccalauréat Libanais, marked out of 20. Foundation entry is a minimum of 10 out of 20 with 10 in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider; an international college instead asks for five subject passes at grade 11 including mathematics and English. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Lebanese Baccalaureate English component is not accepted in place of IELTS, and applicants from French-medium schools should expect to sit a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Lebanese Baccalaureate results are marked out of 20. Sources agree the award leads to a foundation programme rather than to year one, and one states explicitly that holders may be eligible for direct entry onto undergraduate foundation programmes rather than onto degrees. The practical position for Lebanon is that the curriculum a student followed matters more than nationality: the French Baccalaureat, an American diploma with strong SAT or AP results, Cambridge International A levels and the International Baccalaureate are each assessed on their own published scales for direct entry, and universities usually ask applicants to state which system they sat.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Surrey
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Lesotho General Certificate of Secondary Education

Also seen as: Cambridge Overseas School Certificate (COSC) · Diploma from the National University of Lesotho · Lerotholi Polytechnic Diploma

Lesotho has no domestic A level. The LGCSE, and the Cambridge Overseas School Certificate it replaced, sit at the same level as UK GCSEs, so neither is enough on its own for year one of a UK degree. The normal routes are an international foundation year or a completed diploma from the National University of Lesotho or Lerotholi Polytechnic. If you can sit Cambridge International A levels privately, that is the shortest path of all.

How to avoid the foundation year

A diploma from the National University of Lesotho or from Lerotholi Polytechnic is the route UK universities name most often. Manchester Metropolitan accepts either for undergraduate entry, and Wolverhampton accepts either at 65 per cent or above. Cambridge International A levels sat privately give direct entry anywhere. Beyond those, expect an individual assessment of your transcript rather than a published rule.

Getting onto a foundation year

No UK provider checked publishes a Lesotho-specific foundation threshold. Applicants should expect the LGCSE or COSC with a good spread of credit passes to be assessed individually, in line with how other southern African school certificates at this level are treated. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. No UK source checked publishes an exemption naming Lesotho or the LGCSE, so plan on sitting a recognised test even though schooling is in English, and ask the university in writing whether your LGCSE English grade can be used instead.

Worth knowing

This is a thin entry and it is thin honestly. Only three UK sources with anything Lesotho-specific were found: Manchester Metropolitan, Wolverhampton and Queen Mary's School of Economics and Finance, which states plainly that the Cambridge Overseas School Certificate alone is not normally sufficient. Several large universities that publish country pages for the region do not list Lesotho at all. No UK university publishes an A level conversion or a foundation grade threshold for Lesotho, so neither is given here.

Checked against

• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Wolverhampton
• Queen Mary University of London, School of Economics and Finance
• London School of Economics and Political Science

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Liberia Senior High School Certificate

Also seen as: Liberian Senior High School Certificate · Associate Degree from a Liberian college · First year of a Liberian bachelor's degree

Liberia's senior high school certificate, taken through the West African Examinations Council, is treated by UK universities as GCSE rather than A level standard, so it will not get you into year one of a UK degree on its own. The two published routes are an international foundation year or a Liberian Associate Degree. The good news is that your WASSCE English grade may save you the cost of an IELTS test.

How to avoid the foundation year

An Associate Degree is the route both Manchester Metropolitan and Wolverhampton name, with Wolverhampton asking for grade C or above, or at least 70 per cent. Manchester Metropolitan will also accept a recognised foundation course completed elsewhere. Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry. No UK source checked accepts the senior high school certificate alone for year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Liberia Senior High School Certificate. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 2 out of 10 in the certificate with 2 in relevant subjects for foundation entry, which reflects the Liberian scale where 1 is the highest grade and lower numbers are better. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Portsmouth accepts the West African Senior School Certificate at grade C6 or above in English in place of IELTS, and other universities publish the same concession for WASSCE holders, so this is worth asking about before you pay for a test.

Worth knowing

Liberia is thinly covered. Manchester Metropolitan, Wolverhampton and Leeds are the only UK sources found that name it, and none publishes an A level conversion, so no table is given. Note that the Leeds figure of 2 out of 10 is on the WAEC scale where 1 is best, so it is a demanding requirement and not a low one; if that scale confuses you, ask the university to confirm in writing what it means in terms of your actual grades.

Checked against

• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Leeds
• University of Portsmouth

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Libyan Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: General Secondary Education Certificate (GSEC) · First year of a Libyan bachelor's degree

The Libyan Secondary Education Certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. The two established routes are an international foundation year or one completed year of study at a Libyan university, and Southampton, Queen's Belfast and De Montfort all publish the second of these. Expect to need 80 per cent or better in the certificate for the more selective foundation programmes.

How to avoid the foundation year

One completed year of university study in Libya with good grades is the route named by Southampton, Queen's Belfast and De Montfort, and it takes you into year one. An International Year One, which starts at year two, is offered from the Secondary Education Certificate at an average of 80 per cent or above plus evidence of further study at one pathway provider. A levels with high grades, or the International Baccalaureate at 28 to 38 points, give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Secondary Education Certificate. Published foundation entry is an average of 80 per cent with 80 per cent in relevant subjects at one Russell Group university, and 65 per cent overall with 65 per cent in relevant subjects at a pathway provider. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall, or 90 in TOEFL iBT, is what Queen's Belfast publishes, with 6.0 accepted on many courses elsewhere. Libyan school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sources agree on the shape of the answer and differ only on the foundation threshold, which runs from 65 per cent at one pathway provider to 80 per cent at Leeds. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Libyan certificate, so no table is given. Applicants funded by a Libyan government scholarship should note that several UK universities handle sponsored Libyan applications through a separate route, so it is worth asking the international office directly rather than relying on the public page.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• Queen's University Belfast
• De Montfort University
• University of Leeds
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Malagasy Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement du Second Degré · Baccalauréat Technique · Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Littéraires (DUEL) · Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Scientifiques (DUES)

Despite its French name and shape, the Malagasy Baccalauréat is not treated by UK universities the way the French one is. LSE states flatly that it is not acceptable as an entry qualification, and St Andrews and Warwick both route Malagasy applicants through a foundation programme. The realistic routes are an international foundation year or one to two years of Malagasy university study leading to a DUEL, DUES or DUTS.

How to avoid the foundation year

Bristol will consider holders of the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Littéraires, the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Scientifiques or the Diplôme Universitaire de Technicien Supérieur with very good grades for suitable undergraduate courses, which is the clearest published way past the foundation year. Warwick notes that it will consider the French Baccalauréat, so students at a French lycée in Antananarivo who sit the French rather than the Malagasy paper are in a much stronger position. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement Secondaire. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 15 out of 20 with 15 in relevant subjects for foundation entry. Others simply require their own foundation programme without naming a Malagasy threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling in Madagascar is in Malagasy and French, so English from the Baccalauréat is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sources are unusually blunt and unusually consistent. LSE says the Baccalauréat de l'Enseignement du Second Degré is not acceptable as an entry qualification; St Andrews lists only foundation programmes, the IB, A levels and SQA Highers; Warwick requires its own foundation programme. Only Bristol offers a non-foundation alternative, and that is at university rather than school level. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Malagasy Baccalauréat, so no table is given. Do not assume French Baccalauréat treatment applies: the two are handled differently.

Checked against

• London School of Economics and Political Science
• University of St Andrews
• University of Bristol
• University of Warwick
• University of Leeds

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Malawi School Certificate of Education

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate

The Malawi School Certificate of Education is comparable to UK GCSE and Malawi has no domestic A level, so a foundation year is normally required before year one of a UK bachelor degree. Applicants holding Cambridge International A levels are considered for direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Higher National Diploma or higher diploma is accepted for advanced entry to a relevant degree at Portsmouth. A Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate, or a National Diploma in a relevant subject with good grades, is enough for an International Year One at one international college, starting at year two. Cambridge International A levels give direct entry. Beyond those, no UK source checked publishes a Malawian-university-year route, so for a school leaver holding only the MSCE a foundation year or a post-school diploma really is the choice.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Malawi School Certificate of Education with five subjects at grade C or above is the published foundation-year entry standard at Portsmouth; one international college asks only for successful completion of the MSCE. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and Portsmouth exempts applicants holding MSCE English at grade 1 to 6 from an English test altogether, which is a material saving.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. MSCE English is not consistently accepted in place of IELTS across UK universities, so applicants should expect to sit a recognised English test unless an individual university confirms a waiver.

Worth knowing

Sources are explicit that MSCE holders will usually be required to complete a foundation year. No UK source checked publishes an MSCE to A level conversion, which is consistent with the certificate sitting at GCSE standard, so no ladder is given. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted by UK universities as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Edinburgh
• University of Sheffield
• University of Bristol
• University of Portsmouth
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Malian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG) · Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie

The Malian Baccalauréat is generally treated as below A level standard, so an international foundation year is the normal route into year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Bristol and Manchester Metropolitan both skip the Baccalauréat entirely and name university-level French diplomas instead. Wolverhampton is the exception and accepts the Baccalauréat at 10 out of 20 for a bachelor's programme, which shows how much the answer depends on the university.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Diplôme de Technicien Supérieur, a Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales or a Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie with good grades is accepted by both Bristol and Manchester Metropolitan for suitable undergraduate courses. Wolverhampton accepts the Baccalauréat itself at a minimum of 10 out of 20. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry. Any of these avoids a foundation year, but only the first two are accepted at more than one university.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalauréat. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 14 out of 20 with 14 in relevant subjects for foundation entry, and one international college publishes simply a pass in the Baccalauréat for the longest version of its foundation. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling in Mali is in French, so no part of the Baccalauréat is accepted in place of a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

There is a real disagreement here. Wolverhampton publishes the Baccalauréat at 10 out of 20 as sufficient for a bachelor's programme, which is a pass mark, while Bristol and Manchester Metropolitan do not list the Baccalauréat as an entry qualification at all and name only post-school French diplomas. Leeds sets 14 out of 20 merely to start a foundation year, which is four marks above the whole qualification's pass mark and well above Wolverhampton's direct-entry figure. Anyone relying on the Wolverhampton route should get it confirmed in writing. No UK university publishes an A level conversion for the Malian Baccalauréat, so no table is given.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Mauritanian Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Brevet de Technicien Supérieur · Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales (DEUG)

The Mauritanian Baccalauréat is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the normal route. Bristol will instead consider the Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales with high grades, and Wolverhampton accepts either that or a Brevet de Technicien Supérieur at 12 out of 20. Mauritania is very thinly covered by UK universities, so expect to have your transcript assessed individually.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Diplôme d'Études Universitaires Générales with high grades is accepted by Bristol for suitable undergraduate courses, and Wolverhampton accepts the DEUG or a Brevet de Technicien Supérieur at a minimum of 12 out of 20. Both mean at least a year of Mauritanian higher education first. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry. No UK source checked accepts the Baccalauréat alone for year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalauréat. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 14 out of 20 with 14 in relevant subjects for foundation entry. No other provider checked names a Mauritanian threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 with 5.5 in every component is the figure Wolverhampton publishes, with 6.5 common at more selective universities. Teaching in Mauritania is in Arabic and French, so no school qualification is accepted in place of a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Only three UK sources with anything Mauritania-specific were found, which is at the thin end even for this list. None publishes an A level conversion, so no table is given, and only one publishes any grade threshold at school level. The practical advice is to ask the university's international office for a written assessment of your Baccalauréat before you apply, or to get a UK ENIC statement of comparability, rather than relying on a published page that does not exist.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Leeds
• UK ENIC

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Upper Secondary Education

Also seen as: Preparatoria · Bachillerato Tecnologico · Educacion Profesional Tecnica · First year of a Licenciatura

The Bachillerato is normally treated as one year short of the standard needed to start a UK degree, so the usual routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year of a Mexican Licenciatura. Applicants who hold A levels or the International Baccalaureate Diploma taken at a Mexican school are assessed on those instead and need nothing further.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Bachillerato at 90 per cent, or at 75 per cent plus one year of higher education, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; an international college sets the same at 7 out of 10 for business and 8 for science and engineering. The completed first year of a Mexican Licenciatura at about 7 out of 10 or 70 per cent is accepted for entry to year one at several universities, though one highly selective university asks instead for two completed years at an average of 8.5 out of 10. At least one university accepts the Bachillerato, Bachillerato Tecnológico or Educación Profesional Técnica at 8.0 for direct entry, and a Bachillerato with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects is accepted by others. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Bachillerato. Foundation entry is an average of 70 per cent at two pathway providers and simple completion at an international college; university-run routes generally ask an average of about 8 out of 10 or 80 per cent. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall with 5.5-6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of the Bachillerato is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The strength of the first-year-of-degree route is worth knowing: several universities will consider a completed first year of a Licenciatura for entry to year one of a UK bachelor's degree, one asks for roughly 7 out of 10 or 70 per cent across the first or second year, and one highly selective university asks instead for two completed years at an average of 8.5 out of 10. Foundation programmes generally ask for a Bachillerato average around 8 out of 10 or 80 per cent. Sources disagree on whether the Bachillerato alone can ever be enough: most universities say no, but at least one accepts the Bachillerato, Bachillerato Tecnologico or Educacion Profesional Tecnica at a pass mark of 8.0 or above for direct entry to the first year. Treat the foundation year or the first year of a Licenciatura as the safe assumption. A Bachillerato combined with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects is also accepted by some universities, with any required subject taken at that level.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Bristol
• University of Southampton
• Cardiff University
• Nottingham Trent University
• Coventry University
• University College London
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Moldovan Baccalaureate Diploma

Also seen as: Atestat de Studii Medii de Cultură Generală · First year of a Moldovan bachelor's degree

Most UK universities do not treat the Moldovan Diploma de Bacalaureat as equivalent to A levels, and say so in plain terms. Liverpool and York both state that it is not enough on its own and that you will need A levels, the International Baccalaureate or a foundation year. Brighton is the exception and publishes a full conversion table, so the qualification is not worthless, it is just not widely accepted. Plan for a foundation year unless you have a specific university's written agreement otherwise.

How to avoid the foundation year

Brighton publishes a conversion putting a Bacalaureat mark of 10 at AAA and 8.5 at BBB, which implies direct entry there. Beyond that, the reliable ways past a foundation year are A levels, the International Baccalaureate, or an International Year One, which starts you at year two and is offered from an eleventh grade attestat at a GPA of 8.0 by one pathway provider. Surrey states clearly that it does not accept the Bacalaureat for direct year one entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Diploma de Bacalaureat. Published foundation entry is 7 out of 10 overall with 8 in relevant subjects at one Russell Group university, a minimum of 7 out of 10 at Surrey, and an average of 6 at Coventry. Surrey also publishes subject equivalents for maths, where 5 in the Bacalaureat matches GCSE grade C, 5.5 matches B and 6 matches A. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Romanian-medium or Russian-medium school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, and no UK source checked publishes an exemption for Moldova.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree fundamentally, not just on numbers. Liverpool states that the Diploma de Bacalaureat is not equivalent to A levels, York says an additional qualification is needed before you can apply, and Surrey does not accept it for year one. Brighton, alone among the sources found, publishes an A level conversion table for it, and that table is what appears above; treat it as one university's position rather than the sector view. Foundation thresholds also range from 6 to 8 out of 10 depending on who is asking. One further oddity: Liverpool's Moldova page refers in one place to the Albanian Matura Shtetërore, which appears to be an error on their site, so confirm anything you read there.

Checked against

• University of Liverpool
• University of York
• University of Brighton
• University of Surrey
• Coventry University
• University of Leeds
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Complete Secondary Education

Also seen as: Gerchilgee · Specialist Diploma · First year of a Mongolian bachelor's degree

The Mongolian Certificate of Complete Secondary Education is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Liverpool states plainly that it is not equivalent to A levels. An international foundation year is the standard route, and the main alternative is one completed year of a Mongolian bachelor's degree or Specialist Diploma. Coventry accepts that first year at a GPA of 2.5 or 50 per cent, which is the most achievable published route found.

How to avoid the foundation year

One year of Mongolian university study is the route to look at. Coventry accepts the first year of a bachelor's degree in a relevant field at a GPA of 2.5 or 50 per cent for direct entry, and Queen's Belfast considers one year of study or a Specialist Diploma case by case. A levels or the International Baccalaureate at 30 to 36 points give direct entry. Warwick states that its own foundation programme is required unless you hold A levels, the IB or a North American qualification.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Certificate of Complete Secondary Education. Published foundation entry is a minimum of 85 per cent overall with 85 per cent in two relevant subjects at one Russell Group university, and 60 per cent at Wolverhampton. That is a very wide gap, so shop around. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall, or 90 in TOEFL iBT, is the figure Queen's Belfast publishes, and 6.0 with 5.5 in each component is Wolverhampton's. Mongolian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The direction of travel is agreed, the numbers are not. Leeds asks 85 per cent in the school certificate simply to start a foundation year; Wolverhampton asks 60 per cent for the same thing. Coventry's route through one year of a Mongolian degree at GPA 2.5 is far more generous than Queen's Belfast's case-by-case treatment of the same qualification. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Mongolian certificate, so no table is given. As with several countries on this list, Liverpool's Mongolia page contains a stray reference to the Albanian Matura Shtetërore, which looks like a template error rather than a real requirement.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Liverpool
• Coventry University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Warwick
• University of Leeds

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Moroccan Baccalaureate

Also seen as: French Baccalaureat taken in Morocco · Option Internationale du Baccalaureat (OIB) · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Moroccan Baccalaureat does not normally give entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree and is usually followed by an international foundation year. The French Baccalaureat, where it has been taken at a French-system school in Morocco, is a different matter and is generally accepted for direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Baccalauréat at 12 out of 20 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which begins at year two of the degree, at three separate providers checked; 14 out of 20 is asked for science and engineering routes. The French Baccalauréat, where it has been taken at a French-system school in Morocco, is a different award and is accepted for direct entry to year one in its own right, usually from around 13 out of 20 with mention bien. Cambridge International A levels and the IB give direct entry. No UK source checked publishes a Moroccan-university-year route, so the International Year One at 12 out of 20 is the practical way to avoid a foundation year.

Getting onto a foundation year

Moroccan Baccalauréat, marked out of 20. Foundation entry is commonly an average of 10 out of 20, rising to 12 in the subjects relevant to the intended degree at one provider; integrated science and engineering foundation years at selective universities ask around 16 out of 20 with 16 in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry. The Moroccan Baccalauréat English component is not generally accepted in place of IELTS.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The Moroccan Baccalaureat English component is not generally accepted in place of IELTS, and applicants from French-medium schools should expect to sit a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Moroccan Baccalaureat results are marked out of 20. Integrated science and engineering foundation years commonly ask for 16 out of 20 overall with 16 in mathematics and physics. Where the French Baccalaureat has been taken, direct entry usually starts around 13 out of 20 with mention bien. Caution is needed with published percentage-to-A-level tables on UK university pages for Morocco: at least one such table sits on the Morocco page but appears to describe the French Baccalaureat rather than the Moroccan award, so no conversion ladder is reproduced here.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Surrey
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University College London
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Mozambican Secondary School Leaving Certificate

Also seen as: Grau de Licenciado (Mozambican bachelor's degree) · Twelfth grade certificate

The Certificado de Habilitações Literárias is generally treated as below A level standard and an international foundation year is the normal route into year one of a UK degree. Glasgow's Dental School puts it bluntly: the certificate does not satisfy its entry requirements. Wolverhampton is the one exception found, accepting it at a score of 12, which shows the picture is not completely uniform. Assume a foundation year unless a named university tells you otherwise in writing.

How to avoid the foundation year

Wolverhampton accepts the Certificado de Habilitações Literárias at a score of 12 for direct undergraduate entry, which is the only school-level direct route found. UCLan accepts the Grau de Licenciado at grade 15 or above for advanced entry, meaning you join later than year one. Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate, sat at an international school in Maputo or privately, give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Certificado de Habilitações Literárias. Both Manchester Metropolitan and UCLan state that the certificate plus a recognised foundation programme is the standard route but neither publishes a Mozambican grade threshold, so expect an individual assessment of your transcript. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 or equivalent is the standard UCLan publishes, and 6.5 is common at more selective universities. Schooling in Mozambique is in Portuguese, so no part of the school certificate is accepted in place of a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree on whether the certificate has any standing at all. Glasgow's Dental School states that the Certificado de Habilitações Literárias does not satisfy its entry requirements; Manchester Metropolitan and UCLan require it plus a foundation year; Wolverhampton accepts it at 12 for direct entry. That is the full range, from rejected to accepted, and it turns on which university you ask. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for it, so no table is given, and no provider found publishes a Mozambican foundation threshold either.

Checked against

• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Central Lancashire
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Glasgow, Dental School

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Basic Education High School Examination

Also seen as: First two years of a Myanmar bachelor's degree · A levels taken in Myanmar

The Basic Education High School Examination, commonly called the matriculation examination, is not accepted for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is required. Two or more years of study at a university in Myanmar with good grades can be accepted for direct entry instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

The matriculation at 70 per cent overall including 60 per cent in five relevant subjects is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, and this is the single most valuable route because it closes the structural gap left by Myanmar's eleven-year school system in one step rather than two. An associate degree or diploma, or two completed years of a Myanmar bachelor degree at 50 per cent or above, is accepted for year one or for International Year One entry. A levels taken in Myanmar give direct entry. Without one of these, a foundation year genuinely is required even of strong candidates.

Getting onto a foundation year

Basic Education High School Examination, the matriculation. Foundation entry is an overall pass at an international college and about 50 per cent at one pathway provider; a university-run route typically asks 70 per cent or above, rising to 80 per cent with 80 per cent in mathematics and physics for an integrated science or engineering foundation year. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is accepted where held; the English component of the matriculation examination is not.

Worth knowing

The gap is structural rather than a matter of grades: the matriculation examination is taken at the end of eleven years of schooling, two years short of the UK pattern, so a foundation year is required even from strong candidates. Foundation entry is typically set at 70% or above overall, rising to 80% overall with 80% in mathematics and physics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Nottingham
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Namibia Senior Secondary Certificate

Also seen as: NSSC Advanced Subsidiary Level · Cambridge International A levels / Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Namibia Senior Secondary Certificate, including at Higher Level, is normally followed by an international foundation year before entry to year one of a UK bachelor degree. Cambridge International A levels or the Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate are accepted for direct entry, typically from around BBB upwards.

How to avoid the foundation year

Westminster accepts a Namibian polytechnic or undergraduate diploma for entry to year one of a bachelor degree, alongside the Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate and A levels, and this diploma route is the clearest way round a foundation year. Northumbria accepts a Namibian bachelor degree awarded from 2008 at 60-69 per cent, graded Good, for advanced entry. Cambridge International A levels or the Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate give direct entry from around BBB. NSSC Advanced Subsidiary Level has replaced Higher Level as the top school award and UK pages have not all caught up, so its treatment should be confirmed with each university rather than assumed.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Namibia Senior Secondary Certificate at Higher Level at 70 per cent is enough for an international foundation programme at Northumbria; other providers publish no Namibia-specific threshold and assess the transcript individually. English is IELTS 5.0-5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry; NSSC English at a good grade is accepted instead by some universities but this is published less consistently than for neighbouring countries.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. NSSC English at a good grade is accepted in place of IELTS by some universities, but this is less consistently published than for neighbouring countries and should be confirmed course by course.

Worth knowing

Namibia replaced NSSC Higher Level with NSSC Advanced Subsidiary Level as the top school award in recent reforms, and UK university pages have not all caught up: several still refer only to NSSC Higher Level, and some list no Namibian qualification at all and name only the Cambridge Overseas Higher School Certificate. Sources are explicit that NSSC Higher Level holders are required to complete a foundation year or equivalent, so that is the conservative position for the Advanced Subsidiary award too until an individual university confirms otherwise. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Plymouth
• University of Brighton
• University of St Andrews
• Northumbria University
• University of Westminster
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Higher Secondary Certificate (+2)

Also seen as: Cambridge A levels taken in Nepal · First year of a Nepalese bachelor's degree

NEB Grade 12, also known as the +2, is not accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the standard route. A levels or the IB taken in Nepal give direct entry in the usual way.

How to avoid the foundation year

The route most Nepalese families miss is that Kent accepts Grades XI and XII together at 60 per cent or CGPA 2.5 out of 4 for direct entry to year one, rising to 80 per cent or CGPA 3.6 where a course needs an A grade in a named subject. That is a genuine exception and worth checking before any foundation deposit is paid. Failing that, an international college takes Grade 12 at GPA 2.0 for an International Year One in business and 2.4 for science and engineering, both starting at year two. One completed year of a Nepalese bachelor degree is accepted for year one by some universities. A levels or the IB taken in Nepal give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

NEB Grade 12, the +2. Foundation entry is 50 per cent in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider and a GPA of 1.6 at an international college; a university-run pathway commonly asks about 70 per cent overall with 75 per cent in mathematics, and an integrated science or engineering foundation year 75 per cent with 80 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of NEB Grade 12 is not generally accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Foundation entry is commonly set at around 70% overall with 75% in mathematics for a partner-college pathway, and 75% overall with 80% in mathematics and physics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. Results are increasingly reported on a GPA scale rather than as percentages, and universities convert between the two, so applicants should submit the full transcript.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• University of Kent
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Nicaraguan Bachillerato

Also seen as: Bachillerato en Humanidades · Título de Técnico Superior · First year of a Nicaraguan Licenciatura

The Nicaraguan Bachillerato is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the normal route. The published alternatives all sit above school level: Chester accepts a Título de Técnico Superior at 75 per cent or above, and Bristol will consider one with excellent grades. Bristol will also look at the national curriculum if you have taken three Advanced Placement exams or three IB Higher Level subjects alongside it.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Título de Técnico Superior of two to three years at 75 per cent or above is accepted by Chester, and Bristol considers the same qualification with excellent grades. Bristol's other published route is the national curriculum taken together with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects, which is the only school-level direct route found. A levels or the full International Baccalaureate give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Bachillerato en Humanidades or Bachillerato en Ciencias y Letras. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 76 per cent with 76 per cent in relevant subjects for foundation entry. No other provider checked publishes a Nicaraguan threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling is in Spanish, so English within the Bachillerato is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Only three UK sources with anything Nicaragua-specific were found, so this is a thin entry. None publishes an A level conversion, so no table is given. The sources do not contradict each other, they simply say very little: Chester names one qualification and one number, Bristol names two routes without numbers, and Leeds gives a foundation threshold. If you are relying on this, ask the university's international office for a written assessment of your Bachillerato before you commit.

Checked against

• University of Chester
• University of Bristol
• University of Leeds

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Nigerien Baccalaureate

Also seen as: Baccalauréat Technique · Diplôme d'Études Économiques Générales (DEEG) · Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Littéraires (DUEL) · Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Scientifiques (DUES)

The Nigerien Baccalauréat is generally treated as below A level standard, so an international foundation year is the normal route into year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Bristol does not list the Baccalauréat as an entry qualification at all and instead names post-school French diplomas, the DEEG, DUEL and DUES, with excellent results. Coverage of Niger on UK university sites is very thin, so expect an individual assessment rather than a published rule.

How to avoid the foundation year

Bristol will consider holders of the Diplôme d'Études Économiques Générales, the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Littéraires or the Diplôme Universitaire d'Études Scientifiques with excellent results for suitable undergraduate courses. All three mean at least a year of higher education in Niger first. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry. No UK source checked accepts the Baccalauréat alone for year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Baccalauréat. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 14 out of 20 with 14 in relevant subjects for foundation entry, and one international college publishes simply a pass in the Baccalauréat for the longest version of its foundation programme. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling in Niger is in French, so no part of the Baccalauréat is accepted in place of a recognised English test.

Worth knowing

Only three UK sources naming Niger were found and none publishes an A level conversion, so no table is given. The two grade figures available, 14 out of 20 at one university and a bare pass at one international college, sit a long way apart and describe entry to a foundation year rather than to a degree. Applicants should also be aware that UK student visa processing for Niger is handled through a visa application centre in a neighbouring country, so allow extra time.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

West African Senior School Certificate

Also seen as: National Diploma (ND) · Higher National Diploma (HND) · First year of a Nigerian bachelor degree · Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma

WASSCE and the NECO Senior School Certificate are treated as broadly GCSE-level rather than A-level-level, so they do not on their own admit an applicant to year one of a UK bachelor degree. The usual routes are an international foundation year, one completed year of a Nigerian university degree, or a National or Higher National Diploma at upper credit.

How to avoid the foundation year

Several routes exist and most families do not know them. A National Diploma at CGPA 2.5 (lower credit or merit) is accepted for entry to year one at Kent, as is one completed year of a Nigerian bachelor degree at CGPA 3.5. A Higher National Diploma at upper credit is accepted for year one, and sometimes advanced entry, at a number of universities. Most usefully, WAEC, SSCE or GCE at A1-B3 in five or more subjects is enough for entry straight onto an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree and so saves a year outright; A1-C6 in five subjects works with a transcript showing one further year of study. Cambridge International A levels or the IB taken in Nigeria are read exactly as UK qualifications and give direct entry. The NCUK foundation year can also be sat at a study centre in Nigeria rather than in the UK, which removes a year of UK living costs.

Getting onto a foundation year

WASSCE or the NECO Senior School Certificate, normally five subjects including English and mathematics. Thresholds differ sharply by provider: four or more relevant subjects at grades 1-6 (A1-C6) at one study centre, four or more at grades 1-8 at another, and a C6 average across five subjects for a one-semester foundation, D7 for two semesters and E8 for three at a modern university's international college. Selective university-run programmes ask far more, up to B2 in each required subject. English for foundation entry is IELTS 5.0 overall at most pathway providers and 4.5 at the lowest, against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry; WASSCE English at C6 or better is accepted in place of IELTS by many but not all providers.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the typical undergraduate requirement. WASSCE or NECO English is very widely accepted in place of IELTS, but the grade demanded varies: C6 is commonly enough at the lower end, while more selective universities ask for B3 or B2, and results are often required to be less than seven years old and verified by scratch card.

Worth knowing

WASSCE is graded A1, B2, B3, C4, C5, C6, D7, E8, F9, with A1 the highest and C6 the lowest ordinary pass. Sources agree that this certificate alone is not sufficient for year one, but they disagree materially on what substitutes for a foundation year. Some universities accept one completed year of a Nigerian degree; others accept an ND at upper credit or CGPA around 2.5-3.0; others accept only a recognised foundation programme and nothing else. Typical foundation entry is around five subjects at B3 for an integrated foundation year and around five at C6 for a standalone international foundation diploma, though thresholds differ noticeably between institutions. Commercial agency websites frequently claim WASSCE alone secures direct year-one entry; no UK institutional source checked here supports that claim, so the conservative position is that a foundation route is needed.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Sheffield
• Oxford Brookes University
• University of Sussex
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Portsmouth
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Kent
• University College London
• NCUK
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

North Korean senior middle school graduation certificate

No UK university found publishes a position on North Korean school qualifications, and that absence is the honest answer. LSE has a page for North Korean applicants but it gives no country-specific requirement and simply points to the general list of accepted international qualifications. Warwick and Portsmouth, both of which publish long country lists, do not include North Korea at all. In practice an applicant would need an individual credential assessment and, realistically, an international foundation year.

How to avoid the foundation year

Nothing published. A levels or the International Baccalaureate, if they could be taken, would be accepted like anyone else's, and a completed year of a recognised university degree elsewhere would be assessed on its own merits. Because no UK university publishes an equivalency for the North Korean certificate, the honest answer is that there is no known published route that skips a foundation year.

Getting onto a foundation year

No UK foundation or pathway provider checked publishes a North Korean entry threshold. An applicant would need the university to assess the transcript individually, most likely on the back of a UK ENIC statement of comparability.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

No UK university publishes anything specific. Assume the standard undergraduate requirement of IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall, and IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry, with no exemption available.

Worth knowing

This is a country where the honest finding is that UK universities do not publish a position on the qualification. Three UK university sources were checked directly and none carries a North Korean equivalency: LSE has a country page with no requirements on it, Warwick's East Asia country list runs China, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, Macau, Mongolia and Taiwan with no entry for North Korea, and Portsmouth's country directory does not list it either. Anyone in this position should start with a UK ENIC statement of comparability and then approach individual admissions offices directly, and should also budget time to resolve travel document and funding questions that sit outside the university's control.

Checked against

• London School of Economics and Political Science
• University of Warwick
• University of Portsmouth
• UK ENIC

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Education Diploma

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP

The Omani secondary school leaving certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree; the certificate plus a recognised foundation programme is the standard route. Cambridge International A levels and the International Baccalaureate, both widely taken in Oman's private sector, give direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

The national certificate plus evidence of one further year of study is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree. A diploma or higher diploma from a recognised Omani college, or an associate degree at GPA 3.0, is accepted for year one by universities publishing Gulf-wide routes, and a foundation course taken at a college in the region rather than in the UK is accepted by at least one university. Cambridge International A levels or the IB, widely taken in Oman's private sector, give direct entry. Edinburgh accepts no Omani school qualification directly.

Getting onto a foundation year

General Education Diploma or Thanawiya Amma. Foundation entry is 70 per cent overall with 60 per cent in all subjects at one pathway provider and an average of 60 per cent at another; university-run integrated foundation years commonly ask about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and the diploma's English component is not accepted instead.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Thanawiya Amma English component is not accepted in place of IELTS.

Worth knowing

Results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall, with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics for engineering and physics foundation routes. Direct entry requirements are the ordinary published offers, most commonly A level grades between BBB and A*AA or 28 to 38 IB points, with the most selective universities asking AAB to A*A*A. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of St Andrews
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Kent
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Higher Secondary School Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels taken in Pakistan · First year of a Pakistani bachelor's degree

The Higher Secondary School Certificate is not normally accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree, and applicants holding it are usually asked to complete a one-year international foundation programme first. Cambridge International A levels sat in Pakistan are treated exactly as UK A levels and do give direct entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

The HSSC at 65 per cent overall with 50 per cent in the relevant subjects is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; 55 to 60 per cent plus one further year of study reaches the same point, and an international college takes 50 per cent for business and 60 per cent including mathematics for science and engineering. One or two completed years of a recognised Pakistani bachelor degree with good grades is accepted for entry to year one at a number of universities. Cambridge or Edexcel A levels sat in Pakistan are read exactly as UK A levels and give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Higher Secondary School Certificate or Intermediate Certificate. Foundation entry is 50 per cent at one pathway provider, about 60 per cent at another, 45 per cent for a one-semester and 40 per cent for a two-semester programme at an international college, and 70 per cent with 70 per cent in the relevant subjects at a university-run international foundation year. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.5–6.0 in each component. The English component of the HSSC is not generally accepted in place of a recognised test, and confirmation that teaching was in English is not accepted as evidence.

Worth knowing

Typical entry to a foundation year is around 65% overall for a partner-college pathway and 70% or above, including 70% in mathematics and physics, for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. Completing one or two years of a recognised Pakistani bachelor's degree with good grades can be an alternative to a foundation year at some universities. Grading conventions differ between boards, so percentage marks are read alongside the awarding board.

Checked against

• University of Sheffield
• University of Manchester
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Leeds
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Palestinian General Secondary Education Certificate (Tawjihi)

Also seen as: Tawjihi · Shahadat Al-Thanawaya Al-Aama · Certificate of General Secondary Education · Community College Diploma or Intermediate Diploma (two years, post-Tawjihi)

The Tawjihi is the end of twelve years of school in the West Bank and Gaza and it is respected, but UK universities read it as below A level standard, so on its own it does not open year one of a bachelor's degree. Every UK source checked says the same thing: Tawjihi plus an international foundation year, or Tawjihi plus a two-year Community College Diploma, or A levels or the International Baccalaureate instead. Plan on a foundation year and treat anything better as a bonus. Two practical matters matter as much as the grades, and both are covered below: getting documents verified, and getting to a visa centre.

How to avoid the foundation year

There are three published ways round it. First, a Community College Diploma: Birmingham City University accepts it at 70 per cent or grade C for year one and at a grade point average of 75 per cent for entry straight into year two, and Chester accepts it at 60 per cent. Second, one completed year of a Palestinian bachelor's degree: UCA accepts a transcript showing a successful first year at 70 per cent. Third, A levels or the International Baccalaureate, which Bristol and others read exactly as UK qualifications. Westminster will also take a recognised UK-syllabus international foundation course at 60 to 65 per cent.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Tawjihi at an overall average of 60 per cent or more, with 60 per cent or more in mathematics and English where those were studied, is the published foundation entry standard at NCUK, the large UK university consortium. UCA sets the same 60 per cent bar for its integrated foundation courses. Chester asks applicants to contact its international officer rather than publishing a foundation grade. English for foundation entry is usually IELTS 5.5, against 6.0 for degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need to build their English first. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no section below 5.5 is the common undergraduate requirement, and 5.5 overall for a degree with an integrated foundation year at UCA. Brighton states directly that a Palestinian English language qualification will not meet its minimum English standard, so a recognised international test is needed. Palestine is not on the UK Government's list of majority English speaking countries.

Worth knowing

No UK university found publishes a Tawjihi to A level conversion ladder, so no table is given here rather than manufacturing one. The sector is unusually consistent on the academic point: Brighton, Bradford, Chester, UCA, Westminster, Birmingham City and Bristol all require something on top of the Tawjihi for year one. On document verification, the University of Sheffield states for its Gaza-Palestine scholarship that proof of qualifications, including IELTS, and references are not needed as part of the scholarship application, though documents are still needed for admission to the course itself. That is the only explicit relaxation found; no UK university publishes a general policy for applicants who cannot obtain transcripts from a damaged or closed institution, so contact the admissions team early and ask. On visas, Leeds is explicit that it is the applicant's responsibility to be able to reach a visa processing centre safely, and that access to visa centres and evacuation routes is outside the university's control. The UK Government's Gaza scholarships policy paper sets out a supported route for students aged 18 and over who hold full scholarships covering fees and living costs, with universities required to submit eligible student details by 31 October 2026 and courses starting by 31 December 2026; biometrics and security checks apply and departure from Gaza cannot be guaranteed. On fees, Sheffield requires its Gaza-Palestine scholarship applicants to be self-funding and classified as overseas for tuition fee purposes. UKCISA's guidance is that fee status is set by regulations and by meeting every requirement of a category, not by nationality alone, so anyone already resident in the UK or holding refugee or humanitarian protection status should have their status assessed rather than assuming overseas fees.

Checked against

• University of Brighton
• University of Bradford
• University of Chester
• University for the Creative Arts
• University of Westminster
• Birmingham City University
• University of Bristol
• NCUK
• University of Sheffield
• University of Leeds
• UK Government (gov.uk)
• UKCISA
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Panamanian Bachillerato

Also seen as: Título de Técnico · Bachillerato Industrial · First year of a Panamanian Licenciatura

The Panamanian Bachillerato is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the standard route. Queen's Belfast and Strathclyde both say so directly. The alternatives sit above school level: Chester accepts either the first year of a Licenciado or a two to three year Técnico at 71 per cent or above, and Bristol will consider a Técnico with excellent grades.

How to avoid the foundation year

Chester publishes the clearest route, accepting the first year of a Licenciado or a Título de Técnico of two to three years, either at an overall grade of 71 per cent or the equivalent average, for entry to year one. Queen's Belfast considers one completed year of Panamanian university study in relevant subjects case by case, and Bristol will consider a Técnico with excellent grades. A levels or the International Baccalaureate at 30 to 36 points give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Bachillerato. One Russell Group university publishes an average of 4 out of 5 with 4 in relevant subjects for foundation entry. Strathclyde and Queen's Belfast both require a recognised foundation programme but do not publish a Panamanian grade threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall, or 90 in TOEFL iBT, is the figure Queen's Belfast publishes, with 6.0 accepted on many courses elsewhere. Schooling is in Spanish and English within the Bachillerato is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

The sources agree on the answer and vary only in how much detail they give. Queen's Belfast, Strathclyde and Leeds all treat the Bachillerato as needing a foundation year; Chester and Bristol offer routes at Técnico or first-year-of-degree level instead. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Panamanian Bachillerato, so no table is given. The one figure worth writing down is Chester's 71 per cent, which is unusually specific for this part of the world.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of Chester
• University of Bristol
• University of Strathclyde
• University of Leeds

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Papua New Guinea Upper Secondary School Certificate

Also seen as: Higher School Certificate · PNG National Diploma · PNG University of Technology Diploma

The Papua New Guinea Upper Secondary School Certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Wolverhampton states directly that a recognised international foundation year is needed. The alternative that works is a PNG diploma: Bristol accepts a three-year post-secondary diploma or a two to four year University of Technology diploma with excellent grades, and Manchester Metropolitan asks for two completed years of a bachelor's degree.

How to avoid the foundation year

A PNG diploma is the route to look at. Bristol accepts a three-year diploma taken after the Secondary School Leaving Certificate, or a PNG University of Technology diploma of two to four years, with excellent grades. Manchester Metropolitan requires two completed years of a bachelor's degree. A levels or the International Baccalaureate give direct entry. Nothing found accepts the Grade 12 certificate alone for year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Upper Secondary School Certificate. One Russell Group university publishes a GPA of 4.0 in the certificate with good grades in relevant subjects for foundation entry. No other provider checked publishes a PNG threshold. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Schooling in Papua New Guinea is in English, but no UK source checked publishes an exemption naming PNG, so ask the university in writing whether your school certificate English grade can stand in before you pay for a test.

Worth knowing

Four UK sources name Papua New Guinea and they do not contradict each other, but between them they publish only one grade figure at school level, the GPA of 4.0 that Leeds asks for to start a foundation year. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the PNG certificate, so no table is given. Anyone holding the older Higher School Certificate rather than the current Grade 12 certificate should have it assessed individually.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Leeds

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Paraguayan Bachillerato

Also seen as: Bachillerato Técnico · Título de Técnico Superior · First year of a Paraguayan Licenciatura

For most UK universities the Paraguayan Bachillerato is not enough on its own for year one and an international foundation year is the normal route. Queen's Belfast says so plainly. UWE Bristol is the clear exception, accepting the Bachillerato Científico or Técnico at an overall 70 per cent or above for year one entry. If your marks are around 70 per cent or better it is worth applying to the universities that publish a direct route rather than paying for a foundation year you may not need.

How to avoid the foundation year

UWE Bristol accepts the Bachillerato Científico or Bachillerato Técnico at an overall grade of 70 per cent or above for year one entry, which is the only school-level direct route found. Chester accepts the first year of a Título de Licenciado, or a two-year Título de Técnico Superior, at an overall grade of 3 or Bueno. An International Year One, which begins at year two, is offered from secondary education at a GPA of 4.0 out of 5.0 or above by one pathway provider. A levels or the International Baccalaureate at 28 points or above give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

The Título de Bachiller. One pathway provider publishes completion of secondary education at a GPA of 3.0 to 3.9 out of 5.0 for its International Foundation Year, with 4.0 or above taking you straight into International Year One instead. Queen's Belfast requires the Título de Bachillerato Científico plus a recognised foundation programme but does not publish a grade. English for foundation entry is normally IELTS 5.0 against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, or two semesters, running about nine to ten months is the standard shape, with a longer version of roughly twelve months for applicants who need more English first. Tuition for 2026/27 at the providers checked runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 at one university international study centre, £20,500 to £21,250 at another, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version is £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall, or 90 in TOEFL iBT, is what Queen's Belfast publishes, with 6.0 common elsewhere. Schooling is in Spanish and Guaraní, so English within the Bachillerato is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Sources materially disagree. UWE Bristol accepts the Bachillerato at 70 per cent for year one; Queen's Belfast requires a foundation programme on top of it; Chester does not list the Bachillerato at all and starts at first year of a Licenciado or a Técnico Superior; Bristol publishes no Paraguay-specific qualification. The route is recorded here as foundation because that is where the weight of the sources sits, but a student with 70 per cent or more should not assume a foundation year is unavoidable. No UK university found publishes an A level conversion for the Bachillerato, so no table is given.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• UWE Bristol
• University of Chester
• University of Bristol
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Completed Secondary Education

Also seen as: First year of a Peruvian Bachiller degree programme · International Baccalaureate Diploma

The Peruvian secondary school certificate is not normally enough on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree. The established routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year, and at some universities the first two years, of a Peruvian university degree. Some universities will also consider the school certificate when it is taken with three APs or three IB Higher Level subjects.

How to avoid the foundation year

The secondary certificate at a GPA of 15.00 or above, or at AD with A in mathematics where the course needs it, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; an international college sets the same at 15 out of 20 for business, and accepts a Título de Técnico at grade 11 or above for science and engineering. The completed first year, and at some universities the first two years, of a Peruvian university programme is accepted for entry to year one and is the route most likely to save a year. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Note that in Peru the word Bachiller denotes a university-level award, not the school certificate, which regularly causes confusion on application forms.

Getting onto a foundation year

Certificado de Educación Secundaria Común Completa. Foundation entry is an overall average of grade B at one pathway provider, a GPA of 12.00 to 14.99 at another, and five subjects passed at grade 11 or higher at an international college. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall with 5.5-6.0 in each component is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English component of the school certificate is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Sources agree on the shape of the requirement and neither publishes a grade conversion from the secondary certificate to A levels, so none is given. The first-year-of-degree route is the one most likely to save a year and is worth checking first. Note that in Peru the word Bachiller refers to a university-level award, not to the school certificate, which is a frequent source of confusion on application forms.

Checked against

• University of Bristol
• Cardiff University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Senior High School Diploma

Also seen as: First two years of a Philippine bachelor's degree · Associate Degree

The Senior High School Diploma issued under the K-12 system is not generally accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the usual route. Two years of study at a leading Philippine university, or an associate degree, can give direct entry instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Senior High School Diploma on the academic track at 80 per cent overall including 80 per cent in mathematics is enough for entry straight to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked; an international college takes 75 per cent for business and 80 per cent for science and engineering. Two completed years of a Philippine bachelor degree, or a completed associate degree, give direct entry to year one at many universities, and some name the institutions they will accept, most often the University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila, De La Salle and Santo Tomas. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Senior High School Diploma under the K-12 system. Foundation entry is 75 per cent overall including 70 per cent in mathematics at one pathway provider, and 70 per cent at grade 12, 80 per cent at grade 11 for a two-semester or 75 per cent for a three-semester programme, at an international college. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry; Philippine applicants are often exempt where teaching has been in English, but this is decided university by university.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. A statement that teaching was conducted in English is not accepted as evidence, although IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is.

Worth knowing

The K-12 reform added two years of senior high school from 2016, with the first cohort graduating in 2018, but UK universities have generally continued to treat the diploma as falling short of A level standard rather than revising it upward. Where direct entry is offered on the strength of university study, universities sometimes name the institutions they will accept — the University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila, De La Salle and Santo Tomas are the ones most commonly listed. Applicants from other institutions should expect to be assessed individually.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Nottingham
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Puerto Rico High School Diploma

Also seen as: High School Graduation Diploma · Advanced Placement (AP) examinations, taken alongside the diploma · Associate Degree (two years, at a Puerto Rican college or university) · College Board Prueba de Evaluación y Admisión Universitaria (PEAU, formerly the PAA)

Puerto Rico sits inside the United States education system, so the qualification you hold is the US High School Diploma, issued locally as the Diploma de Escuela Superior. UK universities do publish Puerto Rico pages, but they all say the same thing about the diploma on its own: it is not enough for year one. Warwick puts it bluntly, that a high school qualification alone is not sufficient for entry. What changes the answer is Advanced Placement: three APs at 4 or 5 alongside the diploma is read as A level standard right across the sector, and that is the single most useful thing a Puerto Rican applicant can do.

How to avoid the foundation year

Yes, and most applicants can. Three Advanced Placement examinations taken with the diploma are the normal route: Surrey publishes a full ladder from three APs at 3, 3, 3 for CCC up to 5, 5, 5 for A*AA or AAA, and Queen Mary asks for a grade point average of 3.3 plus three or four APs depending on the A level band. The International Baccalaureate and A levels give direct entry anywhere. An Associate Degree is the other way in: Bristol will consider an Associate Degree or Technical College Certificate with excellent grades, and Northumbria accepts one at a grade point average of 2.0 for year one. Note that LSE says the Associate Degree is not acceptable as an entry qualification, so that route does not work everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

UCL names Puerto Rico specifically and accepts the Diploma de Escuela Superior, academic stream, with a minimum of 3 overall and 3 in each required or relevant subject for its Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate. Northumbria accepts an Associate Degree at a grade point average of 1.0, or 60 to 69 per cent, for its International Foundation Programme. Bradford and Queen's Belfast both route high school diploma holders through a foundation year without publishing a grade. NCUK, which lists the USA rather than Puerto Rico, asks for the diploma with a final grade point average of 2.0 or 70 per cent plus a combined SAT score of 1200, or three SAT subject tests at 600 or better.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, roughly nine to ten months, is the standard shape, with an extended version starting in August for applicants who need to build their English first. Published UK tuition for 2026/27 runs from about £17,250 to £17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, up to £27,150 at the most selective university-run programmes, where the extended version is £29,950. Accommodation of roughly £5,000 to £9,000, living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge are all on top.

English language

This is the one place where being inside the US system helps. The UK Government's Student visa rules exempt nationals of majority English speaking countries from proving knowledge of English, and the USA is on that list; Puerto Rico is not named separately because Puerto Ricans hold United States citizenship and travel on a US passport, so the USA entry is the one that applies. That exemption is for the visa only. Universities set their own academic English requirement, normally IELTS 6.0 to 6.5, and because most Puerto Rican schooling is in Spanish some will still want evidence. Surrey, for example, accepts passing grades in English and mathematics in the grade 12 diploma, or an overall SAT score of 1290 out of 1600 with at least 600 in each component. Ask each university rather than assuming you are exempt.

Worth knowing

UK universities do publish Puerto Rico positions, which is more than is true of Greenland or New Caledonia. Westminster's equivalency chart has a Puerto Rico row, UCL's foundation page names the Diploma de Escuela Superior in Spanish, and Warwick, Bristol, Queen's Belfast, St Andrews, Bradford, Northumbria and LSE all carry Puerto Rico country pages. Where they publish nothing for Puerto Rico itself, the USA page is the one to read, and the AP ladder in the table above is Surrey's USA ladder, taken from a single university's page rather than being a sector conversion. Sources disagree materially on the Associate Degree: Bristol accepts it with excellent grades and Northumbria at a grade point average of 2.0, while LSE states it is not acceptable as an entry qualification. Bradford's Puerto Rico page confirms that a high school diploma holder must complete a foundation programme and that Bradford does not directly admit high school graduates to undergraduate courses.

Checked against

• UCL Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate
• University of Warwick
• University of Bristol
• Queen's University Belfast
• University of St Andrews
• University of Bradford
• Northumbria University
• London School of Economics and Political Science
• University of Surrey
• Queen Mary University of London
• NCUK
• UK Government (gov.uk), Student visa: knowledge of English
• University of Warwick
• Kingston University International Study Centre

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP

The national secondary certificate is not sufficient on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree and is normally followed by an international foundation year. Qatar has a large international-school sector, and applicants holding Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate enter year one directly.

How to avoid the foundation year

The high school certificate at 85 per cent in the relevant subjects plus one further year of study is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two. An associate degree or a higher diploma from a recognised Gulf institution at GPA 3.0 is accepted for year one by universities that publish such a route for the region. Cambridge International A levels or the IB, both widely taken in Qatar's large international-school sector, give direct entry on the ordinary published offer. Edinburgh accepts no Qatari school qualification directly and offers its foundation programme or an internal admissions test instead.

Getting onto a foundation year

Qatar General Secondary Education Certificate. Foundation entry is five subjects at grades A to C with 70 per cent in the relevant subjects at one pathway provider, or an average of 60 per cent in the relevant subjects at another; university-run integrated foundation years commonly ask about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and the certificate's English component is not accepted instead.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The national certificate's English component is not accepted in place of IELTS; IGCSE or O Level English at a good grade is accepted by many universities for the Cambridge cohort.

Worth knowing

Results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall, with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics for engineering and physics foundation routes. For direct entry the published offer applies: typically A level grades between BBB and A*AA, or 28 to 38 IB points, with the most selective universities asking AAB to A*A*A. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of St Andrews
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of secondary (complete) general education

Also seen as: Yediny Gosudarstvenny Ekzamen (EGE / Unified State Examination)

The Attestat on its own is not treated as equivalent to A levels and does not give direct entry to the first year of a UK degree. The normal routes are a recognised international foundation year, or the successful completion of at least one year of university study in Russia, after which direct entry to year one becomes possible.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Attestat at a GPA of 4.0 plus one completed further year of study at a GPA of 3.0 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked; an international college sets its own equivalent at GPA 6 for business and 7 for science and engineering. One completed year of a Russian university degree is accepted for entry to year one at a number of universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry, typically at BBB to A*AA or 28 to 38 IB points. A strong EGE result does not on its own displace the requirement at any university checked. Allow extra time for UK visa and financial-sanctions checks, which sit outside academic equivalence.

Getting onto a foundation year

Attestat o Srednem Obshchem Obrazovanii. Foundation entry is a GPA of 4.0 out of 5 at one pathway provider, a GPA of 5 at an international college and no stated GPA at another; a selective preparatory certificate asks 4.5 overall with 5 in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, and foundation year entry typically asks for IELTS 5.0-5.5. Russian school English is not accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Both sources checked take the same position, so this remains the published standard. Glasgow states that the national qualification is not accepted and that A levels, the IB or a recognised foundation programme are required. Southampton sets out the same two routes and quotes an equivalent A level range of BBB to A*AA or an IB score of 28 to 38 for applicants presenting international qualifications instead. Strong EGE results do not on their own displace the foundation requirement at the universities checked. Applicants should also allow for UK visa and financial-sanctions checks that are outside the scope of academic equivalence.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University College London
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Rwanda Advanced Level Certificate

Also seen as: Rwanda Advanced Certificate of Education · Certificat du Cycle Superieur de l'Enseignement Secondaire · Diplome de Bachelier · Ordinary Level Certificate of Education (O level)

Rwanda's Advanced Level certificate is usually treated as standing below A level, so an international foundation year is the normal first step into a UK bachelor's degree. A handful of universities take a different view and will consider the Diplome de Bachelier for entry straight into year one, so it is worth asking your chosen universities directly rather than assuming. The single most useful thing a Rwandan applicant can do is send full transcripts early, because admissions teams assess Rwandan files individually rather than against a published table.

How to avoid the foundation year

There are three realistic ways round it. Liverpool John Moores and Bristol both say the Baccalaureat or Diplome de Bachelier will be considered for admission to a bachelor's degree, so a strong certificate can go straight to year one at some universities. An International Year One, which starts you at year two of the degree, is open with the Rwanda Advanced Certificate at Portsmouth and with 80 points from three Rwandan A level subjects (about CCC) at Keele University International College. One or two completed years of a Rwandan university degree with good grades is accepted for direct entry by a number of universities. Cambridge International A levels or the IB taken at an international school give direct entry everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK asks for three Advanced General Certificate subjects at grade C or better. Leeds asks for a B average in the Advanced Certificate of Education with B in relevant subjects. Keele University International College asks for 100 to 140 UCAS tariff points from Rwandan A levels or 50 per cent in the Diplome, and BCU International College for a GPA of 6 in the completed secondary certificate. International College Portsmouth will take the Ordinary Level Certificate with grades 1 to 6 in five subjects. English is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 is the common floor, rising to 6.5 or 7.0 on more competitive courses; Wolverhampton quotes 6.0 with 5.5 in each component and 5.5 overall for foundation entry. Portsmouth accepts iGCSE or O level English at grade C in place of a test, and also takes Pearson, TOEFL and Duolingo. Because Rwandan secondary teaching is in English, it is always worth asking whether a medium of instruction letter will be considered.

Worth knowing

Sources genuinely disagree here and the split matters. Strathclyde states plainly that the Rwanda Advanced Certificate of Education is not normally sufficient for direct entry and that a foundation programme will usually be needed; Royal Holloway, Lincoln and Wolverhampton take the same line. Bristol and Liverpool John Moores instead say the Baccalaureat or Diplome de Bachelier will be considered for a bachelor's degree, and Liverpool John Moores explicitly separates the two, treating the Diplome de Bachelier as direct entry and the Advanced General Certificate of Secondary Education as needing a foundation year. The majority position is foundation, which is why it is recorded that way, but a strong applicant should test the direct route. No UK university checked publishes a grade conversion table for Rwandan qualifications, so none is given.

Checked against

• University of Strathclyde
• Royal Holloway, University of London
• University of Bristol
• Liverpool John Moores University
• University of Portsmouth
• University of Lincoln
• University of Wolverhampton
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Keele University International College
• International College Portsmouth (Navitas)
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP

The Tawjihiyya is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree; an international foundation year is the standard route. Applicants holding Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate from international schools are considered for direct entry on the same terms as UK applicants.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Tawjihiyya at 80 per cent plus a further year of study is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, and this is the cheapest published way to avoid a full foundation year for a Saudi school leaver. Completed years of a Saudi university degree are considered for year-one entry by a number of universities. Cambridge International A levels, the IB or an American diploma with APs give direct entry on the ordinary published offer. Edinburgh accepts no Saudi school qualification directly and offers only its own foundation programme or an internal admissions test for science and engineering. Government scholarship holders are often required to take a foundation or pre-sessional year in any case.

Getting onto a foundation year

Tawjihiyya. Foundation entry ranges from 60 per cent at one pathway provider to 75 per cent including the relevant subjects at another; a selective preparatory certificate asks 80 per cent overall with 90 per cent in each required subject, and university-run integrated foundation years about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in the relevant subjects. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and the Tawjihiyya English component is not accepted instead.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Tawjihiyya English component is not accepted in place of IELTS, so a recognised English test is normally needed.

Worth knowing

Tawjihiyya results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall, with 85 per cent in the subjects relevant to the intended degree, rising to 85 per cent in mathematics and physics for engineering and physics foundation years. For the international-curriculum route the requirement is the ordinary published offer, typically A level grades between BBB and A*AA or 28 to 38 IB points. Government scholarship applicants are often required to complete a foundation or pre-sessional year regardless, which reinforces the foundation classification.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of Surrey
• University of Bristol
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University College London
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

West African Senior School Certificate

Also seen as: Senior Secondary School Certificate Examination (SSCE) · Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) · National Diploma / Higher National Diploma

The WASSCE is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Strathclyde puts it plainly: West African school qualifications are not normally sufficient for direct entry and students holding them will usually need a foundation programme. The good news is that the WASSCE is very well understood by UK admissions teams and gets you onto a foundation year or an International Year One comfortably if your credits are solid, so plan on one extra year rather than on being turned away.

How to avoid the foundation year

An International Year One, which puts you straight into year two of the degree, is the best shortcut: BCU International College asks for five WASSCE passes at an overall average of C4 for business subjects and B3 for engineering, computing and health science, and ARU College asks for six WASSCE credits. A National Diploma or Higher National Diploma is accepted for entry at Westminster and elsewhere, sometimes with advanced standing. Cambridge International A levels, two A levels or one A level with two AS levels also give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

BCU International College asks for five WASSCE subjects at an average of D7 for its first foundation stage. ARU College asks for four WASSCE credits or five O level or iGCSE passes. NCUK asks for four modules at C6 or better, normally to include maths and English. Leeds sets a higher bar of a B3 average. English is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry, and several providers accept WASSCE English at grade 6 or above (ARU College) or A to C (its English language equivalence) instead of a test.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

The majority of undergraduate courses ask for IELTS 6.0, 6.5 or 7.0. Because Sierra Leone teaches and examines in English, a good WASSCE English grade is accepted in place of a test by several universities and pathway colleges, ARU College naming grade 6 in the Senior School Certificate. Always check the individual course page, because the more competitive the course the less likely a waiver is.

Worth knowing

There is no disagreement worth flagging here: Strathclyde, Queen Mary, Lincoln and Westminster all route WASSCE holders to a foundation year or an equivalent level 3 qualification, and the pathway colleges differ only in how many credits they want. No UK university checked publishes a WASSCE to A level conversion table for Sierra Leone, so none is given; offers are expressed as a number of credits at a stated grade rather than as an A level equivalent.

Checked against

• University of Strathclyde
• Queen Mary University of London
• University of Lincoln
• University of Westminster
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• ARU College, Anglia Ruskin University
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Solomon Islands School Certificate

Also seen as: Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) · South Pacific Form Seven Certificate (SPFSC) · Solomon Islands Secondary School Certificate

Solomon Islands school qualifications are not accepted on their own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the normal route. The two UK universities that publish a position both say so, Wolverhampton naming the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate at 5 and the Solomon Islands School Certificate at grade C as enough to get onto its foundation year. Coverage of the Pacific on UK university websites is very thin, so expect to have your transcript assessed individually and allow extra time for it.

How to avoid the foundation year

The one hint of a shortcut is Bradford, which lists the South Pacific Form Seven Certificate without attaching a foundation requirement to it while explicitly requiring one for the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate. If you hold the Form Seven certificate it is worth asking universities directly whether they will take it for year one. Otherwise the reliable routes are A levels, the IB, an Australian or New Zealand year 12 qualification, or one or two years of a completed university degree.

Getting onto a foundation year

Wolverhampton asks for the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate at a minimum score of 5 or the Solomon Islands School Certificate at grade C. English is IELTS 6.0 with 5.5 in every component for degree entry, or the university's own Wolverhampton English Proficiency Examination at the same level, with lower scores accepted for foundation entry. A tuberculosis certificate is also required at the border.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 with no component below 5.5 is the usual undergraduate requirement, and Wolverhampton accepts its own WEPE test at the same level. Because secondary schooling in the Solomon Islands is in English, it is worth asking whether a medium of instruction letter or a good English grade in the school certificate will be accepted, though no university checked publishes such a waiver in writing.

Worth knowing

This is a thin entry and it should be read as one. Only two UK universities, Wolverhampton and Bradford, publish anything specific about Solomon Islands qualifications; Manchester Metropolitan has a Solomon Islands page but no requirements on it, and the large pathway providers (NCUK, Leeds, UCL, Keele University International College, Navitas) do not list the country at all. That is fewer than the three sources this record aims for, and it is the honest position rather than an oversight. The two sources also differ on the South Pacific Form Seven Certificate, which Bradford does not flag for a foundation year and Wolverhampton does not mention. No conversion table exists.

Checked against

• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Somali Secondary School Leaving Certificate

Also seen as: Somali Secondary School Certificate · Somaliland Secondary School Certificate · Kenyan or Ugandan school qualifications taken by Somali students abroad

The Somali secondary certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Manchester Metropolitan sets it out as clearly as anyone: the secondary certificate gets you onto a foundation year, and a recognised foundation year gets you into year one. Bradford says the same. If you already hold a Somali bachelor's degree with good grades, several universities will consider you for second year entry, which is a faster route than starting again.

How to avoid the foundation year

A completed bachelor's degree with a good GPA is considered for second year entry at Staffordshire and for undergraduate entry at Ulster, Northumbria and Westminster, which is the main way round the foundation year. A National Diploma or Higher National Diploma is also accepted. Otherwise Cambridge International A levels or the IB (28 points at Staffordshire) give direct entry. There is no published route into year one on the school certificate alone.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK asks for the Secondary School Leaving Certificate with 60 per cent or more in all subjects. Leeds asks for an 80 per cent average, which is markedly higher. Westminster describes a general foundation entry standard of 60 to 65 per cent. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 against 6.0 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 overall with no band below 5.5 is the standard, quoted by Ulster, Manchester Metropolitan and Staffordshire alike, and some courses ask for more. Somali school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test. Conditional offers are normally made if you have not yet sat IELTS, and pre-sessional English is widely available.

Worth knowing

The sources are unusually consistent that a foundation year is required, but several of them (Ulster, Northumbria, Westminster) publish only the degree level route and say nothing at all about the school certificate, which is why the record leans on Bradford and Manchester Metropolitan for the school leaving position. The two published foundation thresholds are far apart, 60 per cent at NCUK against 80 per cent at Leeds, so treat 60 per cent as the floor and 80 per cent as what a selective university wants. No UK university checked publishes a grade conversion table for Somalia.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• Northumbria University
• University of Westminster
• University of Staffordshire
• Ulster University
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

High School Diploma

Also seen as: Junior College Diploma · Associate Degree · First year of a Korean bachelor's degree

The Korean High School Diploma is not normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the usual route. A junior college diploma with high marks, or a year of study at a Korean university, is accepted for direct entry at many universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

Year 12 at 70 per cent or rank 4 or better is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; the CSAT at the same grades, the equivalency examination at 70 to 75 per cent, or a completed first year of a Korean university or an associate degree, reach the same point at another provider. A junior college diploma at 90 per cent or above gives direct entry to year one at many universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Some foundation programmes are taught in Seoul rather than in the UK, which removes a year of UK living costs; the CSAT alone is not generally accepted as a standalone entry qualification.

Getting onto a foundation year

Korean High School Diploma. Foundation entry is Senior 3 at 60 per cent or grade D, or Senior 2 at 65 per cent, at one pathway provider; completion of year 12 at an international college, or the high school equivalency examination at 60 per cent at another; and about 70 per cent at a university-run route, rising to 75 per cent in mathematics and physics for an integrated science or engineering foundation year. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. The English section of the CSAT is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Foundation entry is commonly set at around 70% overall, rising to 70% with 75% in mathematics and physics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. A Junior College Diploma at 90% or above is quoted for direct entry to the first year. The CSAT (수능, Suneung) is not generally used by UK universities as a standalone entry qualification, so applicants should expect to be assessed on their school transcript and any post-school study rather than on their CSAT result. Foundation programmes taught in Seoul are available as an alternative to travelling to the UK for the preparatory year.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Sheffield
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Secondary school certificate

Also seen as: South Sudan Certificate of Secondary Education · Sudan Secondary School Certificate · Kenyan or Ugandan school qualifications taken by South Sudanese students abroad

The school leaving certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree, and an international foundation year is the standard route. Warwick, Liverpool and Bradford all say the same thing in almost the same words: A levels, the IB or a recognised foundation year are what get you in. If you sat your exams in Kenya or Uganda rather than in South Sudan, apply on those qualifications instead, because UK universities publish clearer positions on them.

How to avoid the foundation year

Cambridge International A levels or the IB give direct entry. Two completed years of a university degree with good grades will be considered for year one at some universities, and Liverpool guarantees progression to its own degrees from the Foundation Certificate at Liverpool International College. There is no published route into year one on the school certificate alone.

Getting onto a foundation year

UCL's Undergraduate Preparatory Certificate asks for the Sudan School Certificate at a minimum of 70 per cent overall with 75 per cent in each required subject, which is the highest published bar found. Providers aimed at a wider range of applicants sit far lower, around 50 to 60 per cent. English is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.5 or 5.0 accepted for foundation entry. South Sudanese school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test, though Cambridge O level or iGCSE English at grade C is accepted by several universities.

Worth knowing

Most UK universities do not list South Sudan separately at all. Those that do, including Bradford and UCL, file it under the Sudan School Certificate, which is a legacy of the shared examination system rather than a statement about South Sudan's own certificate. No UK university checked publishes a grade conversion table for South Sudanese qualifications, and none publishes a direct entry threshold, so no table is given.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University of Liverpool
• University of Bradford
• University College London
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Sudan School Certificate

Also seen as: Secondary School Certificate · Higher Secondary School Certificate · Sudan Certificate of Secondary Education

The Sudan School Certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Nottingham and Manchester both state that holders are normally required to complete a recognised foundation programme first. The certificate is well understood by UK admissions teams and a good percentage will get you onto a foundation year or an International Year One without difficulty, so the question is which year you start in rather than whether you are accepted.

How to avoid the foundation year

An International Year One, which starts you at year two of the degree, is available at BCU International College with the Secondary School Certificate at 60 per cent, or 60 per cent in the relevant subject or maths for engineering, computing and health science. One or two completed years of a Sudanese university degree with good grades is accepted for entry at a number of universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

BCU International College asks for the Secondary School Certificate at 50 per cent. Navitas asks for five passes at grade D or above. NCUK asks for 60 per cent, described as grade C, in all subjects. Leeds asks for a 70 per cent average, and UCL's preparatory certificate for 70 per cent overall with 75 per cent in each required subject. English is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, and Manchester notes a B2 minimum for visa purposes with individual schools free to ask for more. Manchester accepts iGCSE or O level English, or IB English, at a high grade in place of a test. Sudanese school English on its own is not accepted.

Worth knowing

There is no real disagreement about the route, only about the mark. Published foundation thresholds range from 50 per cent at BCU International College and a grade D pass at Navitas, through 60 per cent at NCUK, to 70 per cent at Leeds and UCL, so where you can apply depends heavily on your percentage. No UK university checked publishes a Sudan School Certificate to A level conversion table, and several note that the certificate has been renamed more than once, so send full transcripts with your original naming.

Checked against

• University of Nottingham
• University of Manchester
• University College London
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• International College Portsmouth (Navitas)
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Pre-university secondary diploma

Also seen as: HAVO Diploma · Polytechnic College Certificate · Candidaatsexamen · MULO (Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs)

Suriname uses the Dutch school structure, but do not assume it is treated the way the Netherlands is. Bradford and Wolverhampton both require a foundation year from Surinamese VWO holders, where a Dutch VWO would normally go straight into year one. The realistic plan is one foundation year, or a Polytechnic College Certificate or Candidaatsexamen if you already hold one, which Chester and Wolverhampton will consider for direct or even second year entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

A Polytechnic College Certificate at 'met genoegen' or better is considered for direct entry to a bachelor's degree at both Wolverhampton and Chester, and Chester will consider the Candidaatsexamen at a good classification for entry to year two. Those are the clearest ways round the foundation year. A levels or the IB also give direct entry, as does one or two completed years of a university degree.

Getting onto a foundation year

Wolverhampton asks for the VWO at a minimum score of 6 or the HAVO at a minimum score of 7. NCUK asks for the VWO with grades of 6 or above in all subjects. Leeds sets a much higher bar, an 8 average in the HAVO with at least 8 in relevant subjects. English is IELTS 6.0 with 5.5 in each component at Wolverhampton for degree entry, lower for foundation entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 with no component below 5.5 is the usual undergraduate requirement, and Wolverhampton accepts its own WEPE test at the same level. Dutch is the language of instruction in Suriname, so a recognised English test is normally needed and a medium of instruction waiver is not available.

Worth knowing

The interesting finding here is the gap between Suriname and the Netherlands. A Dutch VWO is accepted for year one across the UK sector, but both UK universities that publish a Surinamese position, Bradford and Wolverhampton, put the Surinamese VWO on the foundation route, and NCUK lists it under foundation entry too. Chester does not mention VWO or HAVO at all and lists only the Polytechnic College Certificate and Candidaatsexamen. Coverage is thin and no UK university publishes a conversion table, so if you hold a strong VWO it is genuinely worth writing to admissions and asking them to look at it against the Dutch scale.

Checked against

• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Bradford
• University of Chester
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Certificate (Baccalaureat)

Also seen as: Syrian Baccalaureate · Scientific stream (Al-Ilmi) · Literary stream (Al-Adabi) · Technical secondary certificate

The Syrian General Secondary Certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Queen's Belfast and York both say the same thing: you will need the certificate plus a recognised foundation programme, or A levels or the IB instead. Marks matter a great deal for which foundation year you can get onto, with published bars running from 60 per cent up to 85 per cent.

How to avoid the foundation year

A levels or the IB give direct entry. One or two completed years of a Syrian university degree with good grades is considered for year one by a number of universities, and a completed degree can bring second year entry. An International Year One, starting at year two, is available at some pathway colleges. There is no published route into year one on the Shahada alone.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK asks for an overall average of 60 per cent, with 60 per cent or more in maths and English where studied. Navitas takes a pass overall in the year 3 high school diploma. UCL's preparatory certificate asks for 70 per cent overall with 75 per cent in each required subject, in either the scientific or the literary stream, and Leeds for an 85 per cent average with at least 85 per cent in relevant subjects. English is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 or TOEFL iBT 90 is what Queen's Belfast quotes for undergraduate entry, with some courses higher and some lower; 6.0 is common at other universities. Syrian school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test. Pre-sessional English courses are available and are a normal part of the plan for many Syrian applicants.

Worth knowing

There is no disagreement about the route, but the published foundation thresholds are very far apart: 60 per cent at NCUK against 85 per cent at Leeds and 70 per cent with 75 per cent in each key subject at UCL. Read the low end as what a broad access pathway provider wants and the high end as what a selective university wants. No UK university checked publishes a Syrian conversion table. One practical point: applicants who left Syria without full documents should contact admissions early, as several universities will assess incomplete files case by case.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• University of York
• University College London
• International College Portsmouth (Navitas)
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Senior High School Diploma

Also seen as: Junior College Diploma (2, 3 or 5 year) · First year of a Taiwanese bachelor's degree

The Taiwanese Senior High School Diploma is not normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the usual route. A year of university study or a junior college diploma with strong grades is widely accepted for direct entry instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

Senior High 3 at 75 per cent is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; 65 per cent plus one further year of study, a GSAT of 40 from four relevant subjects, or year 3 of a vocational high school, reach the same point. A junior college diploma at 80 per cent or above, or a completed year of a Taiwanese bachelor degree at 72 to 75 per cent, gives direct entry to year one at many universities, and Loughborough considers a junior college diploma case by case. A levels or the IB give direct entry. The GSAT alone is not treated as a standalone entry qualification.

Getting onto a foundation year

Senior High School Diploma. Foundation entry is Senior High 2 at 60 per cent or Senior High 3 at 55 per cent at one pathway provider, a GSAT score of 33 across four relevant subjects at another, and year 11 at a GPA of 6.5 for arts, business and law or 7.5 for computing, engineering and health at an international college; a university-run route commonly asks a school average of about 80 per cent. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.5–6.0 in each component. Taiwanese school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

For foundation entry, a school average of about 80% is typical, with 80% in mathematics and physics for science and engineering pathways. For direct entry after post-school study, universities publish around 72–75% for one completed year of a Taiwanese degree and 80% or above for a junior college diploma from a recognised institution. The GSAT (學科能力測驗) is used for entry to Taiwanese universities and is not treated as a standalone entry qualification by UK universities.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Nottingham
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Completed Secondary Education (Grade 11)

Also seen as: Certificate of General Secondary Education · Diploma of Specialised Secondary Education · First year of a Tajik bachelor's degree

The Tajik school leaving certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree at most universities, and an international foundation year is the normal route. Warwick puts it simply: its International Foundation Programme is required, unless you have the IB, A levels, Advanced Placements or two years of a bachelor's degree. Solent is the exception found, taking the certificate at 4 out of 5 for its three year degrees, so it is worth asking a few universities directly.

How to avoid the foundation year

Solent accepts the Diploma of Completed Secondary Education at 4 out of 5 for entry to a three year degree, which is the clearest published direct entry route found. Royal Holloway's International Study Centre takes the Grade 11 certificate at an average of 4.5 with 4 in relevant subjects for an International Year One, which starts you at year two. Two completed years of a Tajik bachelor's degree with good grades is accepted for entry at Warwick and elsewhere. A levels, the IB or APs give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Royal Holloway's International Study Centre asks for the Grade 11 certificate at an average grade of 4 with 4 in relevant subjects. Solent asks for 3 out of 5. NCUK asks for grades of 3 or more in all subjects. Leeds asks for an average of 4, and UCL's preparatory certificate for 4 out of 5 or 8 out of 10 overall with 4.5 out of 5 or 9 out of 10 in required subjects. English is IELTS 5.0 overall with 5.0 in writing for foundation entry, rising to 5.5 in all components for an International Year One and 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. Tajik school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test. Foundation and International Year One entry sit lower, at IELTS 5.0 and 5.5 respectively, which is often the reason applicants choose that route in the first place.

Worth knowing

Sources mostly agree that a foundation year is needed, but Solent is a clear and useful exception, publishing 4 out of 5 for three year degree entry against 3 out of 5 for its foundation year. The two ways of expressing the grade, out of 5 and out of 10, describe the same standard; UCL gives both. Coverage of Tajikistan on UK university websites is thin and most mainstream universities do not publish a country page at all, so expect an individual transcript assessment. No conversion table exists.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• University College London
• Solent University
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Secondary Education (Matthayom 6)

Also seen as: First year of a Thai bachelor's degree · A levels or the IB taken at a Thai international school

The Thai Certificate of Secondary Education does not on its own meet the entry standard for the first year of a UK degree, and applicants are normally asked to complete a recognised international foundation programme first. Completing a year of study at a Thai university with good grades is an accepted alternative at some universities.

How to avoid the foundation year

Matthayom 6 at a GPA of 2.5 out of 4.0 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, and GPA 2.0 plus one further year of study reaches the same point; an international college takes 60 per cent or GPA 2.0 for business and 70 per cent or GPA 3.0 for science and engineering. A completed year of a Thai bachelor degree with strong results is accepted for entry to year one by a number of universities and should be asked about rather than assumed away. A levels or the IB taken at a Thai international school give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Matthayom 6. Foundation entry is a GPA of 2.0 in the relevant subjects, or Matthayom 5 at GPA 2.5, at one pathway provider; another takes Matthayom 5 or 6 at GPA 2.0, and an international college 50 per cent at Matthayom 6 or 55 to 60 per cent at Matthayom 5. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.5–6.0 in each component. The English component of Matthayom 6 is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Results are reported as a GPA out of 4.00, but UK universities publish very little in the way of specific GPA thresholds for Thai applicants, preferring to assess the transcript alongside the foundation provider's own requirements. No published Thai-to-A-level conversion scale was found, so none is given here. Applicants who have completed at least one year of a Thai bachelor's degree with strong results should ask about direct entry rather than assuming a foundation year is compulsory.

Checked against

• University of Manchester
• University of Nottingham
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of general secondary education

Also seen as: Diploma do Ensino Secundario Tecnico-Vocacional · Indonesian SMA qualifications held by older applicants

This is the honest position: no UK university checked publishes an entry threshold for the Timorese secondary certificate. Warwick, Ulster, Wolverhampton, Bradford and LSE all have a Timor-Leste page and all of them ask you to write to admissions rather than quoting a requirement. In practice that means planning on an international foundation year, and contacting universities early with full transcripts so they can assess your file individually.

How to avoid the foundation year

A levels, the IB, an Australian year 12 qualification or a US high school diploma with SAT or ACT all give direct entry and are the qualifications UK and Irish universities name on their Timor-Leste pages. One or two completed years of a university degree with good grades is the other established route. Nothing found allows the Timorese secondary certificate alone into year one.

Getting onto a foundation year

Not published for Timor-Leste by any provider checked. NCUK, Leeds, UCL, Royal Holloway's International Study Centre, BCU International College, Keele University International College and Navitas all omit the country from their country by country tables. Expect an individual assessment against the general standard for a completed twelve year school system, and expect to evidence English at IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

Ulster and Warwick both apply their standard requirement, which for Ulster is IELTS 6.0 with no band below 5.5 and for Wolverhampton is 6.0 with 5.5 in every component. Portuguese and Tetum are the languages of instruction in Timor-Leste, so a recognised English test will be needed and a medium of instruction waiver is unlikely.

Worth knowing

The finding for Timor-Leste is that UK universities do not publish a position on the Timorese secondary certificate. Five UK institutions carry a country page and none of them states what the certificate is worth; every one directs the applicant to email admissions. Trinity College Dublin, which is not a UK university and so is not counted among the sources, lists only A levels, the IB and a US high school diploma with SAT or ACT for Timor-Leste, which supports the reading that the national certificate is not accepted on its own. The route is recorded as foundation because that is what the absence of any published direct entry threshold means in practice, not because any source states it. No conversion table exists and no foundation entry mark is published.

Checked against

• University of Warwick
• Ulster University
• University of Wolverhampton
• University of Bradford
• London School of Economics and Political Science
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Togolese Baccalaureat (deuxieme partie)

Also seen as: Baccalaureat Technique · Brevet de Technicien · Baccalaureat premiere partie

The Togolese Baccalaureat is generally treated as standing below A level, and an international foundation year is the normal route into a UK bachelor's degree. St Andrews puts it in the standard francophone African form: a national school leaving certificate is expected alongside one of a foundation programme certificate, the IB, A levels or SQA Highers. A pass at 10 out of 20 is enough for most foundation years, but aim for 14 if you want the selective ones.

How to avoid the foundation year

The established ways round it are A levels, the IB, or one to two completed years of a Togolese university degree with good grades, which several universities will consider for entry to year one. An International Year One at a pathway college, which starts you at year two, is worth asking about with a Baccalaureat mention of Bien or better. No UK university checked publishes a direct year one threshold for the Togolese Baccalaureat itself.

Getting onto a foundation year

NCUK asks for the Diplome de Bachelier with an overall average of 10 out of 20 or more, with 10 or more in maths and English where studied. Leeds asks for an average of 14 in the Diplome de bachelier de l'enseignement du troisieme degre. English is normally IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.0 to 6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0 to 6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, with 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry. French is the language of instruction in Togo, so a recognised English test will be needed. Pre-sessional English courses are widely available and can be combined with a foundation year.

Worth knowing

Coverage of Togo is thin. Only three UK sources with a published position were found, St Andrews, NCUK and Leeds, and the two pathway providers disagree sharply on the mark, 10 out of 20 at NCUK against 14 at Leeds. BCU International College and ARU College, which do list many West African countries, do not list Togo. No UK university publishes a Togolese conversion table, and none publishes a direct entry threshold, so the table is null.

Checked against

• University of St Andrews
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Tunisian Baccalaureat

Also seen as: Diplome de Fin d'Etudes Secondaires · Baccalaureat Technique · Certificat d'Aptitude Professionnelle (CAP)

The Tunisian Baccalaureat, even with good grades, is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Queen's Belfast is blunt about it: students who have completed the Baccalaureat with good grades must complete an approved foundation programme or A levels first. The practical plan is a foundation year at 10 out of 20, or an International Year One at 12 out of 20 which starts you at year two and costs you no extra time overall.

How to avoid the foundation year

The International Year One is the shortcut that matters. Nottingham Trent's international college takes the Diplome du Baccalaureat at an average of 12 out of 20 for it, and BCU International College takes a pass for business subjects and 10 to 11.9 for built environment, computing and engineering. ARU College takes the Diplome de Fin d'Etudes Secondaires at 36 points or more for year one entry. One or two completed years of a Tunisian university degree with good grades is accepted for entry at many universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Nottingham Trent's international college asks for an average of 10 out of 20. NCUK asks for 10 out of 20 overall, with 10 or more in maths and English where studied. BCU International College will take the CAP with a pass. Leeds asks for 14 out of 20 overall with at least 14 in relevant subjects, and UCL's preparatory certificate for 14 overall with 16 in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.5 for direct degree entry at Queen's.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

Queen's Belfast quotes IELTS 6.5 or TOEFL iBT 90 as the normal undergraduate requirement, with some courses higher and some lower; 6.0 is common elsewhere. Arabic and French are the languages of instruction in Tunisia, so a recognised English test will be needed and pre-sessional English is a normal part of the plan.

Worth knowing

Every source agrees a foundation year or equivalent is needed, but the marks required are spread very wide: 10 out of 20 for foundation entry at NTU and NCUK, 14 at Leeds, and 14 with 16 in key subjects at UCL. Ravensbourne lists Tunisia as requiring a recognised international foundation course for both foundation and year one entry, which is the strictest reading. No UK university checked publishes a Tunisian Baccalaureat to A level conversion table, so none is given. Be careful with the two names, Diplome du Baccalaureat and Diplome de Fin d'Etudes Secondaires, which different UK institutions use for the same certificate.

Checked against

• Queen's University Belfast
• Nottingham Trent University
• Ravensbourne University London
• University College London
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• ARU College, Anglia Ruskin University
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Complete Secondary Education

Also seen as: Certificate of Completed Secondary Education · Diploma of Specialised Secondary Education · First or second year of a Turkmen bachelor's degree

The Turkmen Certificate of Complete Secondary Education is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree at most universities. Leeds states it plainly: students from Turkmenistan cannot enter directly into first year study and need a foundation programme or another level 3 qualification such as A levels or the IB. A GPA of 4 out of 5 opens the better foundation years and, at one or two universities, direct degree entry.

How to avoid the foundation year

Solent accepts the Certificate of Completed Secondary Education at a good grade of 4 out of 5 for entry to a three year degree, which is the clearest direct entry route found. Keele University International College takes a GPA of 4.0 for its International Year One, which starts you at year two. Reading will consider two completed years of university study with good grades for entry to part 1. A levels or the IB give direct entry everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

Reading asks for the Certificate of Complete Secondary Education at an average of 4.0. Keele University International College asks for a GPA of 3.0. Solent asks for 3 out of 5. NCUK asks for grades of 3 or better in all relevant subjects. Leeds asks for an average of 4 with at least 5 in key subjects, and UCL's preparatory certificate for 4.5 overall with 5 in each required subject. English is IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

Leeds quotes IELTS 6.0 overall, or GCSE English at grade C or 4, or an equivalent qualification, for undergraduate entry, and 6.0 to 6.5 is typical across the sector. Turkmen school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Sources agree on the route but not on the mark, and two dissent on the route itself. Leeds, Reading, St Andrews and UCL all treat the certificate as foundation level. Solent publishes 4 out of 5 for three year degree entry, and Keele University International College publishes a GPA of 4.0 for its International Year One, so a strong certificate is worth testing directly. Published foundation thresholds run from a GPA of 3.0 at Keele to 4.5 with 5 in key subjects at UCL. No UK university checked publishes a conversion table.

Checked against

• University of Leeds
• University of Reading
• University of St Andrews
• University College London
• Solent University
• Keele University International College
• NCUK
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of complete general secondary education

Also seen as: Zovnishnie Nezalezhne Otsiniuvannia (ZNO) / National Multi-subject Test · Diploma of Junior Specialist

The Ukrainian school leaving certificate on its own is not treated as equivalent to A levels and does not give direct entry to the first year of a UK degree. The normal routes are a recognised international foundation year, or the successful completion of at least one year of university study in Ukraine, after which direct entry to year one becomes possible.

How to avoid the foundation year

The successful completion of at least one year of university study in Ukraine is accepted for entry to year one at a number of universities including Loughborough, and this is the clearest published alternative. The Atestat at a GPA of 8.0 out of 12 is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, and 7.0 out of 12 at another provider; an international college sets the equivalent at GPA 6 for business and 7 for science and engineering. A Diploma of Junior Specialist is considered by some universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Some UK universities have run bespoke arrangements for displaced Ukrainian applicants since 2022, but these are institution-specific and do not change the general published position.

Getting onto a foundation year

Atestat pro Povnu Zahalnu Serednyu Osvitu. Foundation entry is a minimum GPA of 4.0 out of 5 at one pathway provider, 4.5 at another and 5 at an international college; a further provider expresses the same requirement as 7.0 on Ukraine's 12-point scale, and the two scales are frequently confused. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, and foundation year entry typically asks for IELTS 5.0-5.5. Ukrainian school English is not accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Both sources checked take the same position, so this remains the published standard rather than a legacy statement. Glasgow's country page states plainly that the national qualification is not accepted and that A levels, the IB or a recognised foundation programme are required instead. Southampton adds the one-year-of-Ukrainian-university alternative alongside the foundation route. A handful of UK universities have run bespoke arrangements for displaced Ukrainian applicants since 2022; these are institution-specific and do not change the general published position.

Checked against

• University of Glasgow
• University of Southampton
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Cambridge International A levels · International Baccalaureate Diploma · American High School Diploma with SAT or AP

The national secondary certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor degree and is normally followed by an international foundation year. A very large share of applicants from the UAE instead hold Cambridge International A levels or the International Baccalaureate from international schools, and those go straight to year one.

How to avoid the foundation year

Kent accepts an Associate Degree from a licensed UAE university, or a Diploma or Higher Diploma from the Higher Colleges of Technology, at a final GPA of 3.0 out of 4.0 for entry to year one, and will also accept a foundation course taken at a college in the UAE rather than in the UK, which removes a year of UK fees and living costs entirely. The Tawjihiyya at 75 per cent plus evidence of one further year of study is enough for an International Year One, starting at year two. Cambridge International A levels, the IB or an American diploma with APs give direct entry and are what most UAE-based applicants actually use. Edinburgh accepts no UAE school qualification directly but offers an internal admissions test for science and engineering as an alternative to its foundation programme.

Getting onto a foundation year

Tawjihiyya. Foundation entry ranges from a year 12 grade D average at the most accessible international college, through 60 per cent including the relevant subjects at one pathway provider, to an overall pass mark of 75 per cent at another; university-run integrated foundation years commonly ask about 85 per cent with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry, and the Tawjihiyya English component is not accepted in place of IELTS.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. Providers also sell one-, two- and three-semester versions keyed to the entry grade, so a weaker transcript buys a longer and dearer programme. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0-6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement, higher for some courses. The Tawjihiyya English component is not accepted in place of IELTS; applicants on the Cambridge route can normally use IGCSE or O Level English at a good grade instead.

Worth knowing

Tawjihiyya results are reported as a percentage and foundation entry commonly requires around 85 per cent overall, with 85 per cent in mathematics and physics for engineering and physics foundation routes. For the international-curriculum cohort the requirement is simply the published A level or IB offer for the course: typically A level grades between BBB and A*AA, or 28 to 38 IB points. Cambridge International A level is not on the UCAS tariff but is accepted as equivalent to a UK A level.

Checked against

• University of Southampton
• University of Surrey
• University of Kent
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Edinburgh
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Uruguayan Bachillerato

Also seen as: Titulo de Bachillerato Diversificado · Bachillerato Tecnologico · First year of a Uruguayan university degree

The Uruguayan Bachillerato is generally treated as standing below A level, and the mainstream answer is an international foundation year. Cardiff and Queen's Belfast both say so, Queen's wanting the Bachillerato with good grades plus a recognised foundation programme. A small number of institutions will take a strong Bachillerato straight into year one, at around 15 or 16 out of 20, so if your marks are high it is worth asking.

How to avoid the foundation year

Two institutions publish a direct year one route: Ravensbourne takes the Bachillerato at 16 or higher, and ARU College takes the Certificado de Educacion Secundaria Comun at 15 out of 20 overall. Cardiff also accepts one completed year of a relevant Uruguayan bachelor's degree for entry to year one, which is the most widely accepted alternative. A levels or the IB, common in Uruguay's bilingual schools, give direct entry everywhere.

Getting onto a foundation year

Ravensbourne asks for a Bachillerato grade of 14 or higher for its integrated foundation year. ARU College asks for five subjects passed at 11 out of 20. NCUK asks for the Bachillerato Diversificado with grades of 6 or above in all subjects, and Leeds for at least 9 out of 12 in the Titulo de Bachillerato Diversificado. English is IELTS 5.0 to 5.5 for foundation entry against 6.5 for direct degree entry at Cardiff and Queen's.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall is quoted by both Cardiff and Queen's Belfast as the normal undergraduate requirement, though this varies by course and 6.0 is common elsewhere. Spanish is the language of instruction, so a recognised English test is normally needed; applicants from bilingual schools should ask whether a Cambridge English certificate will be accepted instead.

Worth knowing

Sources disagree on whether the Bachillerato can reach year one, and the split is between institution types rather than a genuine sector view. Cardiff and Queen's Belfast, both research intensive, require a foundation programme. Ravensbourne and ARU College publish direct year one entry at 16 and 15 out of 20 respectively. Because only two institutions publish a direct route, the record stays on foundation rather than upgrading. Bristol and Durham both have Latin America pages that omit Uruguay entirely and ask applicants to email, which is itself telling about how thinly the country is covered. The grading scales quoted differ, some out of 20 and some out of 12, so check which one your transcript uses.

Checked against

• Cardiff University
• Queen's University Belfast
• Ravensbourne University London
• ARU College, Anglia Ruskin University
• NCUK
• University of Leeds
• University of Bristol
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Certificate of Complete Secondary Education

Also seen as: Diploma of Specialised Secondary Education (academic lyceum or professional college) · First year of an Uzbek bachelor's degree

Uzbek school-leaving qualifications are not accepted on their own for entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is required. Completing one year of a four-year Uzbek bachelor's degree with good grades in relevant subjects is the usual alternative.

How to avoid the foundation year

The Academic Lyceum or professional college Diploma of Specialised Secondary Education at a GPA of 4.0, or the school certificate at GPA 4.5, is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree, at two providers checked. One completed year of an Uzbek four-year bachelor degree with good grades in the relevant subjects gives direct entry to year one at a number of universities. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Coverage of Uzbekistan on UK university sites is thin, so expect an individual transcript assessment rather than a published table.

Getting onto a foundation year

Certificate of General Secondary Education. Foundation entry is a GPA of 4 out of 5, or an Academic Lyceum Diploma at GPA 3.5, at one pathway provider, and 3 to 5 depending on programme length at an international college; university-run routes ask a mark of at least 4.0 out of 5.0, sometimes expressed as an overall result of Good, which is the same standard. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall is quoted by several universities as the undergraduate requirement, with 6.0 accepted for some courses. Uzbek school English is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

Published thresholds for foundation entry are expressed either as a mark of at least 4.0 out of 5.0 or as an overall result of 'Good', which are the same standard described in two ways. Coverage of Uzbekistan on UK university websites is thinner than for the larger sending markets, and several universities do not publish a country page at all, so applicants should expect their transcript to be assessed individually rather than matched to a table.

Checked against

• Cardiff University
• Queen's University Belfast
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

South Pacific Form Seven Certificate

Also seen as: Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate (PSSC) · Vanuatu Senior Secondary Certificate · Vanuatu National Year 13 qualification

Vanuatu school qualifications are not reliably accepted for year one of a UK bachelor's degree and an international foundation year is the normal route. Wolverhampton requires a recognised international foundation programme. Bradford draws a line between the two Pacific certificates, attaching a foundation requirement to the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate but not to the South Pacific Form Seven Certificate, so if you hold the Form Seven certificate ask universities directly before assuming you need the extra year.

How to avoid the foundation year

The South Pacific Form Seven Certificate is the qualification to lead with: Bradford lists it without a foundation requirement, which suggests it can reach year one at some universities. Otherwise A levels, the IB, an Australian or New Zealand year 13 qualification, or one or two completed years of a university degree at the University of the South Pacific with good grades are the established routes.

Getting onto a foundation year

No UK provider publishes a Vanuatu specific foundation threshold. In practice the Pacific Senior Secondary Certificate is assessed individually, and Wolverhampton's published standard for the neighbouring Solomon Islands, a PSSC score of 5, is the nearest comparable figure. English for foundation entry is typically IELTS 5.0 to 5.5.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape, and an extended version of roughly twelve months exists for applicants who need to build their English first. Fees vary a lot: about £10,000 to £19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters you need, roughly £17,250 to £17,500 for a three term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 at the most selective programme checked, where the extended version with preparatory English is about £29,950. Living costs, the visa fee and the immigration health surcharge all come on top.

English language

Wolverhampton quotes IELTS 6.0 or equivalent for undergraduate entry, and Manchester Metropolitan 6.0 with no section below 5.5. Because secondary schooling in Vanuatu is in English or French, it is worth asking whether a medium of instruction letter will be accepted, although no university checked publishes such a waiver.

Worth knowing

This is a thin entry. Only two UK universities, Bradford and Wolverhampton, publish anything specific about Vanuatu qualifications, which is fewer than the three this record aims for. Manchester Metropolitan has a Vanuatu page but states only that entry requirements for the country will be updated shortly. None of the large pathway providers, NCUK, Leeds, UCL, Navitas, Keele University International College or BCU International College, lists Vanuatu at all. The two sources also disagree in effect, since Bradford does not require a foundation year for the South Pacific Form Seven Certificate while Wolverhampton requires one for all applicants. No conversion table exists.

Checked against

• University of Bradford
• University of Wolverhampton
• Manchester Metropolitan University
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Bachelor's Certificate (upper secondary)

Also seen as: Titulo de Tecnico Medio · First year of a Licenciatura · International Baccalaureate Diploma

Neither the Titulo de Bachiller nor the Titulo de Tecnico Medio is normally accepted on its own for entry to the first year of a UK degree. The two routes are a one-year international foundation programme or the successful completion of the first year of a Venezuelan Licenciatura. A levels or the International Baccalaureate Diploma are accepted in their own right.

How to avoid the foundation year

Kent accepts one completed year of a Título de Licenciado or equivalent at a recognised institution with an average of at least 14 out of 20 for entry to year one, and a Técnico Superior Universitario at a final grade of at least 16 out of 20 case by case. Portsmouth accepts one year of a Licenciado, a Técnico Superior Universitario, or the Título de Bachiller combined with a recognised foundation course or post-secondary diploma. So the workable alternatives are a year of university at home or a completed higher technical award. A levels or the IB give direct entry. Allow extra time for document verification, which takes longer than average for Venezuelan awards.

Getting onto a foundation year

Título de Bachiller. No provider checked publishes a Venezuela-specific foundation threshold; Portsmouth states plainly that Bachillerato holders must complete a foundation year first, and Venezuela is otherwise grouped under a generic South American requirement. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.5 overall with a minimum of 6.0 in each component is a common undergraduate requirement, and some universities set 6.0 overall. The English component of the Bachiller is not accepted in place of a recognised test.

Worth knowing

One selective university names both the Titulo de Bachiller and the Titulo de Tecnico Medio as not accepted. Another publishes the completed first year of a Venezuelan Licenciatura as a route into year one of a UK bachelor's degree. No UK source found publishes a grade conversion, so none is given. Applicants should expect document verification to take longer than average and should allow time for it.

Checked against

• University of Manchester, School of Social Sciences
• University of Bristol
• University of Kent
• University of Portsmouth
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

Upper Secondary School Graduation Diploma

Also seen as: First year of a Vietnamese bachelor's degree · A levels or the IB taken at a Vietnamese international school

The Vietnamese Upper Secondary School Graduation Diploma is not normally accepted for direct entry to the first year of a UK degree, and a recognised international foundation programme is the standard route. Applicants who have already completed a year at a Vietnamese university with strong grades can often enter the first year directly instead.

How to avoid the foundation year

Year 12 at a GPA of 7.0 with at least 6.0 in mathematics is enough for entry to an International Year One, which starts at year two of the degree; an international college takes GPA 6 for business and 7 for science and engineering. The completed first year of a Vietnamese bachelor degree at a CGPA of about 7.5 to 8.0 out of 10 gives direct entry to year one at many universities and is the route most likely to save a year for anyone already at university at home. A levels or the IB taken at a Vietnamese international school give direct entry.

Getting onto a foundation year

Upper Secondary School Graduation Diploma, marked out of 10. Foundation entry is an average of 6.0 with 6.5 in mathematics and science at one pathway provider, 5.0 or above at another, and a GPA of 6 at an international college; a university-run route commonly asks 7.0 out of 10 overall with 7.0 in the relevant subjects, or about 80 per cent, rising to 90 per cent in physics and mathematics for an integrated science or engineering foundation year. English is IELTS 5.0 for foundation entry against 6.0-6.5 for direct degree entry.

How long it takes, and what it costs

Three terms, about nine to ten months, is the standard shape; an extended version starting in August and running roughly twelve months exists for applicants who fall short on English. UK tuition sits in a wide band: roughly £8,000-£19,500 at a modern university's international college depending on subject and on how many semesters are needed, about £17,250-£17,500 for a three-term programme at a mainstream pathway provider, and £27,150 to £29,850 at the most selective programmes checked, where an extended version runs to £34,550. Living costs, the visa and the immigration health surcharge are on top.

English language

IELTS 6.0–6.5 overall is the usual undergraduate requirement. IGCSE or O level English at a high grade is accepted where held; the school diploma's English component is not accepted in place of a test.

Worth knowing

Entry to a foundation year is commonly set at an overall average of 7.0 out of 10, with 7.0 in the subjects relevant to the intended degree — physics and mathematics for engineering, biology or chemistry with mathematics for science, mathematics for business and social sciences. Universities that convert to percentages instead publish around 80% overall, and 80% with 90% in physics and mathematics for an integrated foundation year in science or engineering. For direct entry after a year of university study, a first-year CGPA of about 7.5 to 8.0 out of 10 is typical.

Checked against

• University of Nottingham
• University of Manchester
• Royal Holloway, University of London International Study Centre
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• BCU International College, Birmingham City University
• University of Sussex International Study Centre
• Loughborough University
• Kingston University International Study Centre
• University of Warwick

Checked 1 September 2026 against UK university admissions pages. Entry requirements are set by each university and change. Always read the course page.

Ask us what this means for your grades

Foundation year usually needed

General Secondary Education Certificate

Also seen as: Al-Thanawiya · Scientific stream · Literary stream

The Yemeni General Secondary Education Certificate is not accepted on its own for year one of a UK bachelor's degree. Queen's Belfast, Manchester Metropolitan and Liverpool John Moores all give the same answer: the certificate plus a recognised foundation year, or A levels or the IB instead. Queen's names 80 per cent as the mark it wants in the certificate before the foundation year, so aim high.

How to avoid the foundation year

A levels or between 30 and 36 IB points give direct entry at Queen's. One or two completed years of a Yemeni university degree with good grades is considered for entry to year one at a number of universities, and a completed degree can bring second year entry. There is no published route into year one on the Thanawiya alone.

Getting onto a foundation year